2.XII.I. VIVISECTION, 1875-1882. LETTER 766. TO LORD PLAYFAIR.
(766/1. A Bill was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair, Walpole and Ashley, in the spring of 1875, but was withdrawn on the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. Some account of the Anti-Vivisection agitation, the introduction of bills, and the appointment of a Royal Commission is given in the "Life and Letters," III., page 201, where the more interesting of Darwin's letters on the question are published.)
Down, May 26th, 1875.
I hope that you will excuse my troubling you once again. I received some days ago a letter from Prof. Huxley, in Edinburgh, who says with respect to your Bill: "the professors here are all in arms about it, and as the papers have associated my name with the Bill, I shall have to repudiate it publicly, unless something can be done. But what in the world is to be done?" (766/2. The letter is published in full in Mr. L. Huxley's interesting chapter on the vivisection question in his father's "Life," I., page 438.) Dr. Burdon Sanderson is in nearly the same frame of mind about it. The newspapers take different views of the purport of the Bill, but it seems generally supposed that it would prevent demonstrations on animals rendered insensible, and this seems to me a monstrous provision. It would, moreover, probably defeat the end desired; for Dr. B. Sanderson, who demonstrates to his class on animals rendered insensible, told me that some of his students had declared to him that unless he had shown them what he had, they would have experimented on live animals for themselves. Certainly I do not believe that any one could thoroughly understand the action of the heart without having seen it in action. I do not doubt that you wish to aid the progress of Physiology, and at the same time save animals from all useless suffering; and in this case I believe that you could not do a greater service than to warn the Home Secretary with respect to the appointment of Royal Commissioners, that ordinary doctors know little or nothing about Physiology as a science, and are incompetent to judge of its high importance and of the probability of its hereafter conferring great benefits on mankind.
LETTER 767. TO LORD PLAYFAIR. Down, May 28th.
I must write one line to thank you for your very kind letter, and to say that, after despatching my last note, it suddenly occurred to me that I had been rude in calling one of the provisions of your Bill "monstrous" or "absurd"—I forget which. But when I wrote the expression it was addressed to the bigots who, I believed, had forced you to a compromise. I cannot understand what Dr. B. Sanderson could have been about not to have objected with respect to the clause of not demonstrating on animals rendered insensible. I am extremely sorry that you have had trouble and vexation on the subject. It is a most disagreeable and difficult one. I am not personally concerned, as I never tried an experiment on a living animal, nor am I a physiologist; but I know enough to see how ruinous it would be to stop all progress in so grand a science as Physiology. I commenced the agitation amongst the physiologists for this reason, and because I have long felt very keenly on the question of useless vivisection, and believed, though without any good evidence, that there was not always, even in this country, care enough taken. Pray forgive me this note, so much about myself...
LETTER 768. TO G.J. ROMANES.
(768/1. Published in "Life of Romanes," page 61, under 1876-77.)
Down, June 4th {1876}.
Your letter has made me as proud and conceited as ten peacocks. (768/2. This may perhaps refer to Darwin being elected the only honorary member of the Physiological Society, a fact that was announced in a letter from Romanes June 1st, 1876, published in the "Life" of Romanes, page 50. Dr. Sharpey was subsequently elected a second honorary member.) I am inclined to think that writing against the bigots about vivisection is as hopeless as stemming a torrent with a reed. Frank, who has just come here, and who sputters with indignation on the subject, takes an opposite line, and perhaps he is right; anyhow, he had the best of an argument with me on the subject...It seems to me the physiologists are now in the position of a persecuted religious sect, and they must grin and bear the persecution, however cruel and unjust, as well as they can.
LETTER 769. TO T. LAUDER BRUNTON.
(769/1. In November, 1881, an absolutely groundless charge was brought by the Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection against Dr. Ferrier for an infringement of the Vivisection Act. The experiment complained of was the removal of the brain of a monkey and the subsequent testing of the animal's powers of reacting to certain treatment. The fact that the operation had been performed six months before the case came into court would alone have been fatal to the prosecution. Moreover, it was not performed by Dr. Ferrier, but by another observer, who was licensed under the Act to keep the monkey alive after the operation, which was performed under anaesthetics. Thus the prosecution completely broke down, and the case was dismissed. (769/2. From the "British Medical Journal," November 19th, 1881. See also "Times," November 18th, 1881.) The sympathy with Dr. Ferrier in the purely scientific and medical world was very strong, and the British Medical Association undertook the defence. The prosecution did good in one respect, inasmuch as it led to the formation of the Science Defence Association, to which reference is made in some of Mr. Darwin's letters to Sir Lauder Brunton. The Association still exists, and continues to do good work.
Part of the following letter was published in the "British Medical Journal," December 3rd, 1881.)
I saw in some paper that there would probably be a subscription to pay Dr. Ferrier's legal expenses in the late absurd and wicked prosecution. As I live so retired I might not hear of the subscription, and I should regret beyond measure not to have the pleasure and honour of showing my sympathy {with} and admiration of Dr. Ferrier's researches. I know that you are his friend, as I once met him at your house; so I earnestly beg you to let me hear if there is any means of subscribing, as I should much like to be an early subscriber. I am sure that you will forgive me for troubling you under these circumstances.
P.S.—I finished reading a few days ago the several physiological and medical papers which you were so kind as to send me. (769/3. Some of Lauder Brunton's publications.) I was much interested by several of them, especially by that on night-sweating, and almost more by others on digestion. I have seldom been made to realise more vividly the wondrous complexity of our whole system. How any one of us keeps alive for a day is a marvel!
LETTER 770. T. LAUDER BRUNTON TO CHARLES DARWIN. 50, Welbeck Street, London, November 21st, 1881.
I thank you most sincerely for your kind letter and your offer of assistance to Dr. Ferrier. There is at present no subscription list, as the British Medical Association have taken up the case, and ought to pay the expenses. Should these make such a call upon the funds of the Association as to interfere with its other objects, the whole or part of the expenses will be paid by those who have subscribed to a guarantee fund. To this fund there are already a number of subscribers, whose names are taken by Professor Gerald Yeo, one of the secretaries of the Physiological Society. They have not subscribed a definite sum, but have simply fixed a maximum which they will subscribe, if necessary, on the understanding that only so much as is required shall be asked from each subscriber in proportion to his subscription. It is proposed to send by-and-by a list of the most prominent members of this guarantee fund to the "Times" and other papers, and not only every scientific man, but every member of the medical profession, will rejoice to see your name in the list. Dr. Ferrier has been quite worn out by the worry of this prosecution, or, as it might well be called, persecution, and has gone down to Shanklin for a couple of days. He returns this afternoon, and I have sent on your letter to await his arrival, knowing as I do that it will be to him like cold water to a thirsty soul.
LETTER 771. TO T. LAUDER BRUNTON. Down, November 22nd, 1881.
Many thanks for your very kind and interesting letter...
I write now to beg a favour. I do not in the least know what others have guaranteed in relation to Dr. Ferrier. (771/1. In a letter dated November 27th, 1881, Sir Lauder Brunton wrote in reply to Mr. Darwin's inquiry as to the amount of the subscriptions: "When I ascertain what they intend to give under the new conditions—viz., that the subscriptions are not to be applied to Ferrier's defence, but to the defence of others who may be attacked and to a diffusion of knowledge regarding the nature and purposes of vivisection, I will let you know...") Would twenty guineas be sufficient? If not, will you kindly take the trouble to have my name put down for thirty or forty guineas, as you may think best. If, on the other hand, no one else has guaranteed for as much as twenty guineas, will you put me down for ten or fifteen guineas, though I should like to give twenty best.
You can understand that I do not wish to be conspicuous either by too little or too much; so I beg you to be so very kind as to act for me. I have a multitude of letters which I must answer, so excuse haste.
LETTER 772. TO T. LAUDER BRUNTON.
(772/1. The following letter was written in reply to Sir T. Lauder Brunton's suggestion that Mr. Darwin should be proposed as President of the Science Defence Association.)
4, Bryanston Street, Portman Square, December 17th, 1881.
I have been thinking a good deal about the suggestion which you made to me the other day, on the supposition that you could not get some man like the President of the College of Physicians to accept the office. My wife is strongly opposed to my accepting the office, as she feels sure that the anxiety thus caused would tell heavily on my health. But there is a much stronger objection suggested to me by one of my relations—namely, no man ought to allow himself to be placed at the head (though only nominally so) of an associated movement, unless he has the means of judging of the acts performed by the association, after hearing each point discussed. This occurred to me when you spoke to me, and I think that I said something to this effect. Anyhow, I have in several analogous cases acted on this principle.
Take, for instance, any preliminary statement which the Association may publish. I might feel grave doubts about the wisdom or justice of some points, and this solely from my not having heard them discussed. I am therefore inclined to think that it would not be right in me to accept the nominal Presidency of your Association, and thus have to act blindly.
As far as I can at present see, I fear that I must confine my assistance to subscribing as large a sum to the Association as any member gives.
I am sorry to trouble you, but I have thought it best to tell you at once of the doubts which have arisen in my mind.
LETTER 773. TO LAUDER BRUNTON.
(773/1. Sir T. Lauder Brunton had written (February 12th) to Mr. Darwin explaining that two opinions were held as to the constitution of the proposed Science Defence Association: one that it should consist of a small number of representative men; the other that it should, if possible, embrace every medical practitioner in the country. Sir Lauder Brunton adds: "I should be very greatly obliged if you would kindly say what you think of the two schemes.")
Down, February 14th, 1882.
I am very much obliged for your information in regard to the Association, about which I feel a great interest. It seems to me highly desirable that the Association should include as many medical and scientific men as possible throughout the whole country, who could illumine those capable of illumination on the necessity of physiological research; but that the Association should be governed by a council of powerful men, not too many in number. Such a council, as representing a large body of medical men, would have more power in the eyes of vote-hunting politicians than a small body representing only themselves.
From what I see of country practitioners, I think that their annual subscription ought to be very small. But would it not be possible to add to the rules some such statement as the following one: "That by a donation of... pounds, or of any larger sum, from those who feel a deep interest in the progress of medical science, the donor shall become a life member." I, for one, would gladly subscribe 50 or 100 pounds. If such a plan were approved by the leading medical men of London, two or three thousand pounds might at once be collected; and if any such sum could be announced as already subscribed, when the program of the Association is put forth, it would have, as I believe, a considerable influence on the country, and would attract the attention of country practitioners. The Anti-Corn Law League owed much of its enormous power to several wealthy men laying down 1,000 pounds; for the subscription of a good sum of money is the best proof of earnest conviction. You asked for my opinion on the above points, and I have given it freely, though well aware that from living so retired a life my judgment cannot be worth much.
Have you read Mr. Gurney's articles in the "Fortnightly" and "Cornhill?" (773/2. "Fortnightly Review," XXX., page 778; "Cornhill Magazine," XLV., page 191. The articles are by the late Edmund Gurney, author of "The power of Sound," 1880.) They seem to me very clever, though obscurely written; and I agree with almost everything he says, except with some passages which appear to imply that no experiments should be tried unless some immediate good can be predicted, and this is a gigantic mistake contradicted by the whole history of science.
P.S.—That is a curious fact about babies. I remember hearing on good authority that very young babies when moved are apt to clutch hold of anything, and I thought of your explanation; but your case during sleep is a much more interesting one. Very many thanks for the book, which I much wanted to see; it shall be sent back to-day, as from you, to the Society.
2.XII.II. MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS, 1867-1882. LETTER 774. TO CANON FARRAR.
(774/1. The lecture which forms the subject of this letter was one delivered by Canon Farrar at the Royal Institution, "On Some Defects in Public School Education.")
Down, March 5th, 1867.
I am very much obliged for your kind present of your lecture. We have read it aloud with the greatest interest, and I agree to every word. I admire your candour and wonderful freedom from prejudice; for I feel an inward conviction that if I had been a great classical scholar I should never have been able to have judged fairly on the subject. As it is, I am one of the root and branch men, and would leave classics to be learnt by those alone who have sufficient zeal and the high taste requisite for their appreciation. You have indeed done a great public service in speaking out so boldly. Scientific men might rail forever, and it would only be said that they railed at what they did not understand. I was at school at Shrewsbury under a great scholar, Dr. Butler; I learnt absolutely nothing, except by amusing myself by reading and experimenting in chemistry. Dr. Butler somehow found this out, and publicly sneered at me before the whole school for such gross waste of time; I remember he called me a Pococurante (774/2. Told in "Life and Letters," I., page 35.), which, not understanding, I thought was a dreadful name. I wish you had shown in your lecture how science could practically be taught in a great school; I have often heard it objected that this could not be done, and I never knew what to say in answer.
I heartily hope that you may live to see your zeal and labour produce good fruit.
LETTER 775. TO HERBERT SPENCER. Down, December 9th {1867}.
I thank you very sincerely for your kind present of your "First Principles." (775/1. "This must have been the second edition." (Note by Mr. Spencer.)) I earnestly hope that before long I may have strength to study the work as it ought to be studied, for I am certain to find or re-find much that is deeply interesting. In many parts of your "Principles of Biology" I was fairly astonished at the prodigality of your original views. (775/2. See "Life and Letters," III., pages 55, 56.) Most of the chapters furnished suggestions for whole volumes of future researches. As I have heard that you have changed your residence, I am forced to address this to Messrs. Williams & Norgate; and for the same reason I gave some time ago the same address to Mr. Murray for a copy of my book on variation, etc., which is now finished, but delayed by the index-maker.
LETTER 776. TO T.H. HUXLEY.
(776/1. This letter refers to a movement set on foot at a meeting held at the Freemasons' Tavern, on November 16th, 1872, of which an account is given in the "Times" of November 23rd, 1872, at which Mark Pattison, Mr. Henry Sidgwick, Sir Benjamin Brodie, Professors Rolleston, Seeley, Huxley, etc., were present. The "Times" says that the meeting was held "by members of the Universities and others interested in the promotion of mature study and scientific research in England." One of the headings of the "Program of Discussion" was "The Abolition of Prize Fellowships.")
Sevenoaks, October 22nd {1872}.
I have been glad to sign and forward the paper, for I have very long thought it a sin that the immense funds of the Universities should be wasted in Fellowships, except a few for paying for education. But when I was at Cambridge it would have been an unjustifiable sneer to have spoken of the place as one for education, always excepting the men who went in for honours. You speak of another resolution "in the interest of the anti-letter-writing association"—but alas, this never arrived! I should like a society formed so that every one might receive pleasant letters and never answer them.
We return home on Saturday, after three weeks of the most astounding dullness, doing nothing and thinking of nothing. I hope my Brain likes it—as for myself, it is dreadful doing nothing. (776/2. Darwin returned to Down from Sevenoaks on Saturday, October 26th, 1872, which fixes the date of the letter.)
LETTER 777. TO LADY DERBY. Down, Saturday {1874?}.
If you had called here after I had read the article you would have found a much perplexed man. (777/1. Probably Sir W. Crookes' "Researches in the Phenomena of Spiritualism" (reprinted from the "Quarterly Journal of Science"), London, 1874. Other papers by Crookes are in the "Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research.") I cannot disbelieve Mr. Crooke's statement, nor can I believe in his result. It has removed some of my difficulty that the supposed power is not an anomaly, but is common in a lesser degree to various persons. It is also a consolation to reflect that gravity acts at any distance, in some wholly unknown manner, and so may nerve-force. Nothing is so difficult to decide as where to draw a just line between scepticism and credulity. It was a very long time before scientific men would believe in the fall of aerolites; and this was chiefly owing to so much bad evidence, as in the present case, being mixed up with the good. All sorts of objects were said to have been seen falling from the sky. I very much hope that a number of men, such as Professor Stokes, will be induced to witness Mr. Crooke's experiments.
(778/1. The two following extracts may be given in further illustration of Darwin's guiding principle in weighing evidence. He wrote to Robert Chambers, April 30th, 1861: "Thanks also for extract out of newspaper about rooks and crows; I wish I dared trust it. I see in cutting the pages {of Chambers' book, "Ice and Water"}...that you fulminate against the scepticism of scientific men. You would not fulminate quite so much if you had had so many wild-goose chases after facts stated by men not trained to scientific accuracy. I often vow to myself that I will utterly disregard every statement made by any one who has not shown the world he can observe accurately." In a letter to Dr. Dohrn, of Naples, January 4th, 1870, Darwin wrote: "Forgive me for suggesting one caution; as Demosthenes said, 'Action, action, action,' was the soul of eloquence, so is caution almost the soul of science.")
LETTER 778. TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. Down, July 16th, 1875.
Some little time ago Mr. Simon (778/1. Now Sir John Simon) sent me the last Report, and your statements about contagion deeply interested me. By the way, if you see Mr. Simon, and can remember it, will you thank him for me; I was so busy at the time that I did not write. Having been in correspondence with Paget lately on another subject, I mentioned to him an analogy which has struck me much, now that we know that sheep-pox is fungoid; and this analogy pleased him. It is that of fairy rings, which are believed to spread from a centre, and when they intersect the intersecting portion dies out, as the mycelium cannot grow where it has grown during previous years. So, again, I have never seen a ring within a ring; this seems to me a parallel case to a man commonly having the smallpox only once. I imagine that in both cases the mycelium must consume all the matter on which it can subsist.
LETTER 779. TO A. GAPITCHE.
(779/1. The following letter was written to the author (under the pseudonym of Gapitche) of a pamphlet entitled "Quelques mots sur l'Eternite du Corps Humaine" (Nice, 1880). Mr. Gapitche's idea was that man might, by perfect adaptation to his surroundings, indefinitely prolong the duration of life. We owe Mr. Darwin's letter to the kindness of Herr Vetter, editor of the well-known journal "Kosmos.")
Down, February 24th, 1880.
I suppose that no one can prove that death is inevitable, but the evidence in favour of this belief is overwhelmingly strong from the evidence of all other living creatures. I do not believe that it is by any means invariably true that the higher organisms always live longer than the lower ones. Elephants, parrots, ravens, tortoises, and some fish live longer than man. As evolution depends on a long succession of generations, which implies death, it seems to me in the highest degree improbable that man should cease to follow the general law of evolution, and this would follow if he were to be immortal.
This is all that I can say.
LETTER 780. TO J. POPPER.
(780/1. Mr. Popper had written about a proposed flying machine in which birds were to take a part.)
Down, February 15th, 1881.
I am sorry to say that I cannot give you the least aid, as I have never attended to any mechanical subjects. I should doubt whether it would be possible to train birds to fly in a certain direction in a body, though I am aware that they have been taught some tricks. Their mental powers are probably much below those of mammals. It is said, and I suppose truly, that an eagle will carry a lamb. This shows that a bird may have great power for a short distance. I cannot remember your essay with sufficient distinctness to make any remarks on it. When a man is old and works hard, one subject drives another out of his head.
LETTER 781. TO T.H. HUXLEY. Worthing, September 9th, 1881.
(781/1. Mr. Anthony Rich left his house at Worthing as a legacy to Mr. Huxley. See Huxley's "Life and Letters," II., pages 286, 287.)
We have been paying Mr. Rich a little visit, and he has often spoken of you, and I think he enjoyed much your and Mrs. Huxley's visit here. But my object in writing now is to tell you something, which I am very doubtful whether it is worth while for you to hear, because it is uncertain. My brother Erasmus has left me half his fortune, which is very considerable. Therefore, I thought myself bound to tell Mr. Rich of this, stating the large amount, as far as the executors as yet know it roughly. I then added that my wife and self thought that, under these new circumstances, he was most fully justified in altering his will and leaving his property in some other way. I begged him to take a week to consider what I had told him, and then by letter to inform me of the result. But he would not, however, hardly allow me to finish what I had to say, and expressed a firm determination not to alter his will, adding that I had five sons to provide for. After a short pause he implied (but unfortunately he here became very confused and forgot a word, which on subsequent reflection I think was probably "reversionary")—he implied that there was a chance, whether good or bad I know not, of his becoming possessed of some other property, and he finished by saying distinctly, "I will bequeath this to Huxley." What the amount may be (I fear not large), and what the chance may be, God only knows; and one cannot cross-examine a man about his will. He did not bind me to secrecy, so I think I am justified in telling you what passed, but whether it is wise on my part to send so vague a story, I am not at all sure; but as a general rule it is best to tell everything. As I know that you hate writing letters, do not trouble yourself to answer this.
P.S.—On further reflection I should like to hear that you receive this note safely. I have used up all my black-edged paper.
LETTER 782. TO ANTHONY RICH. Down, February 4th, 1882.
It is always a pleasure to me to receive a letter from you. I am very sorry to hear that you have been more troubled than usual with your old complaint. Any one who looked at you would think that you had passed through life with few evils, and yet you have had an unusual amount of suffering. As a turnkey remarked in one of Dickens' novels, "Life is a rum thing." (782/1. This we take to be an incorrect version of Mr. Roker's remark (in reference to Tom Martin, the Butcher), "What a rum thing Time is, ain't it, Neddy?" ("Pickwick," Chapter XLII.). A careful student finds that women are also apostrophised as "rum": see the remarks of the dirty-faced man ("Pickwick," Chapter XIV.).) As for myself, I have been better than usual until about a fortnight ago, when I had a cough, and this pulled me down and made me miserable to a strange degree; but my dear old wife insisted on my taking quinine, and, though I have very little faith in medicine, this, I think, has done me much good. Well, we are both so old that we must expect some troubles: I shall be seventy-three on Feb. 12th. I have been glad to hear about the pine-leaves, and you are the first man who has confirmed my account that they are drawn in by the base, with a very few exceptions. (782/2. "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms," 1881, page 71.) With respect to your Wandsworth case, I think that if I had heard of it before publishing, I would have said nothing about the ledges (782/3. "Ledges of Earth on Steep Hill-sides" (ibid., page 278).); for the Grisedale case (782/4. "The steep, grass-covered sides of a mountainous valley in Westmorland, called Grisedale, were marked in many places with innumerable, almost horizontal, little ledges...Their formation was in no way connected with the action of worms (and their absence is an inexplicable fact)...(ibid., page 282.), mentioned in my book and observed whilst I was correcting the proof-sheets, made me feel rather doubtful. Yet the Corniche case (782/5. Ibid., page 281.) shows that worms at least aid in making the ledges. Nevertheless, I wish I had said nothing about the confounded ledges. The success of this worm book has been almost laughable. I have, however, been plagued with an endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish and enthusiastic, but some containing good facts, which I have used in correcting yesterday the "sixth Thousand."
Your friend George's work about the viscous state of the earth and tides and the moon has lately been attracting much attention (782/6. Published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society," 1879, 1880, 1881.), and all the great judges think highly of the work. He intends to try for the Plumian Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Cambridge, which is a good and honourable post of about 800 pounds a year. I think that he will get it (782/7. He was elected Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in 1883.) when Challis is dead, and he is very near his end. He has all the great men—Sir W. Thomson, Adams, Stokes, etc.—on his side. He has lately been chief examiner for the Mathematical Tripos, which was tremendous work; and the day before yesterday he started for Southampton for a five-weeks' tour to Jamaica for complete rest, to see the Blue Mountains, and escape the rigour of the early spring. I believe that George will some day be a great scientific swell. The War Office has just offered Leonard a post in the Government Survey at Southampton, and very civilly told him to go down and inspect the place, and accept or not as he liked. So he went down, but has decided that it would not be worth his while to accept, as it would entail his giving up his expedition (on which he had been ordered) to Queensland, in Australia, to observe the Transit of Venus. (782/8. Major Leonard Darwin, late R.E., served in several scientific expeditions, including the Transits of Venus of 1874 and 1882.) Dear old William at Southampton has not been very well, but is now better. He has had too much work—a willing horse is always overworked—and all the arrangements for receiving the British Association there this summer have been thrown on his shoulders.
But, good Heavens! what a deal I have written about my sons. I have had some hard work this autumn with the microscope; but this is over, and I have only to write out the papers for the Linnean Society. (782/9. i. "The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of Certain plants." {Read March 16th, 1882.} "Journ. Linn. Soc." Volume XIX., 1882, page 239. ii. "The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies." {Read March 6th, 1882.} Ibid., page 262.) We have had a good many visitors; but none who would have interested you, except perhaps Mrs. Ritchie, the daughter of Thackeray, who is a most amusing and pleasant person. I have not seen Huxley for some time, but my wife heard this morning from Mrs. Huxley, who wrote from her bed, with a bad account of herself and several of her children; but none, I hope, are at all dangerously ill. Farewell, my kind, good friend.
Many thanks about the picture, which if I survive you, and this I do not expect, shall be hung in my study as a perpetual memento of you.
(782/10. The concluding chapter of the "Life and Letters" gives some account of the gradual failure in health which was perceptible in the last year of Mr. Darwin's life. He died on April 19th, 1882, in his 74th year.)
THE END. INDEX.
INDEX.
{The German a-, o-, u-diaeresis are treated as a, o, u, not as ae, oe,
ue.}
Aberrant genera, Darwin's work on.
Abich, on Vesuvius.
Abinger, excavations of Roman villa at.
-plants from.
Abinger Hall, Darwin visits.
-Lord Farrer's recollections of Darwin at.
Abiogenesis, Huxley's address on Biogenesis and.
Abortion, Romanes on.
Abrolhos, plants from the.
Abromia.
Abrus precatorius, dispersal of seeds.
Abstract, Darwin's dislike of writing papers in.
Abstract, the name applied by Darwin to the "Origin."
Abutilon, F. Muller's experiments on.
Abyssinia, flora of.
"Academy," Darwin's opinion of the.
Acanthaceae.
Acceleration of development, Cope and Hyatt on retardation and.
-reference in the "Origin" to.
Accumulation, of deposits in relation to earth-movements.
-of specific differences.
-of sterility.
-of varieties.
Accuracy, difficult to attain.
-the soul of Natural History.
Aceras, fertilisation of.
-monstrous flower.
Acineta, Darwin unable to fertilise.
Aconitum, peloria and reversion.
Acropera, atrophy of ovules.
-Darwin's mistake over.
-fertilisation of.
-relation to Gongora.
-J. Scott's work on.
Acropera Loddigesii, abnormal structure of ovary.
-Darwin's account of flower.
-artificial fertilisation.
-relation to A. luteola.
-J. Scott's observations.
-two sexual conditions of.
-A. luteola, Darwin's observations on.
-fertilisation of.
-flowers of.
-structure of ovary.
Adaptation, Darwin's difficulty in understanding.
-hybrids and.
-not the governing law in Geographical Distribution.
-more clearly seen in animals than plants.
-Natural Selection and.
-in orchids.
-resemblances due to.
-in Woodpecker.
Adenanthera pavonina, seed-dispersal by Parrots.
Adenocarpus, a Mediterranean genus in the Cameroons.
Adlumia.
Adoxa, difference in flowers of same plant.
Aecidium elatinum, Witches'-Broom fungus.
Aegialitis Sanctae-helenae.
Aegilops triticoides, hybrids.
Affaiblissement, A. St. Hilaire on.
Africa, connection with Ceylon.
-connection with India.
-continent of Lemuria and.
-considered by Murchison oldest continent.
-plants of equatorial mountains of.
Africa (East,) coral reefs on coast.
Africa (South), plants of.
-relation of floras of Western Europe to.
Africa (West), botanical relation to Java.
Agassiz, Alex., "Three Cruises of the 'Blake.'"
-his belief in evolution the result of F. Muller's writings.
-account of Florida Coral-reefs.
-letters to.
-visits Down.
Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807-73): entered a college at Bienne at the
age of ten, and from 1822 to 1824 he was a student at the Academy of
Lausanne. Agassiz afterwards spent some years as a student in the
Universities of Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich, where he gained a
reputation as a skilled fencer. It was at Heidelberg that his studies took
a definite turn towards Natural History. He took a Ph.D. degree at
Erlangen in 1829. Agassiz published his first paper in "Isis" in 1828, and
for many years devoted himself chiefly to Ichthyology. During a visit to
Paris he became acquainted with Cuvier and Alexander von Humboldt; in 1833,
through the liberality of the latter, he began the publication of his
"Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles," and in 1840 he completed his
"Etudes sur les Glaciers." In 1846 Agassiz went to Boston, where he
lectured in the Lowell Institute, and in the following year became
Professor of Geology and Zoology at Cambridge. During the last
twenty-seven years of his life Agassiz lived in America, and exerted a
great influence on the study of Natural History in the United States. In
1836 he received the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London,
and in 1861 he was selected for the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. In
1873 Agassiz dictated an article to Mrs. Agassiz on "Evolution and
Permanence of Type," in which he repeated his strong conviction against the
views embodied in the "Origin of Species." See "Life, Letters, and Works
of Louis Agassiz," by Jules Marcou, 2 volumes, New York, 1896; "Louis
Agassiz: his Life and Correspondence," edited by Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 2
volumes, London, 1885; "Smithsonian Report," 1873, page 198.
-attack on "Origin."
-Darwin's criticism of book on Brazil.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-views on creation of species.
-on geographical distribution.
-"Methods of Study" by.
-misstatement of Darwin's views.
-Walsh on.
-"Etudes sur les Glaciers."
-Darwin on glacier work of.
-on glaciers in Ceara Mts.
-glacier-ice-lake theory of Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
-on glacier moraines.
-on rock-cavities formed by glacier-cascades.
-on Darwin's theory.
-on Geology of the Amazons.
-doubts recent upheaval of Patagonia.
-mentioned.
Age of the world.
Aggressive plants, introduction of.
Agricultural Society, experiments on potatoes.
Airy, H. letter to.
Albemarle Island, Darwin's collection of plants from.
-volcanoes of.
Aldrovanda.
Alerse ("Alerce"), occurrence in Chiloe.
Algae, movement of male-cells to female organ.
Alisma, F. Muller's observations on.
-submerged flowers of.
Alisma macrophylla, circumnutation of.
Allbutt, Prof. Clifford, on sperm-cells.
Allen, Grant, review by Romanes of his "Physiological Aesthetics."
Allen, J.A., on colours of birds.
-on mammals and birds of Florida.
Allogamy, use of term.
Almond, seedling peaches resembling.
Alopecurus pratensis, fertilisation of.
Alpine floras, Arctic and.
-of Azores, Canaries and Madeira.
-absence of, in southern islands.
-Ball on origin of flora.
-Darwin's work on.
-of United States.
-existence prior to Glacial period.
-Ice-action in New Zealand, and.
-Ball on origin of.
Alpine insects.
Alpine plants.
-change due to transplanting.
-slight change in isolated forms.
-as evidence of continental land at close of Glacial period.
Alps, Australian.
-Murchison on structure of.
-submergence.
-Tyndall's book on.
Alternate generations, in Hydrozoa.
Amazonia, Insects of.
Amazons, L. Agassiz on glacial phenomena in valley of.
-L. Agassiz on geology of.
-Bates on lepidoptera of.
-sedimentation off mouth of.
Amber, extinct plants preserved in.
Amblyopsis, a blind cave-fish, effect of conditions on.
Ameghino, Prof., discovery of Neomylodon Listai.
America (North), are European birds blown to?
-Falconer on elephants.
-fauna and flora of Japan and.
-flora of.
-mammalian fauna.
-introduction of European weeds.
-subsidence during Glacial period.
-western European plants and flora of.
-contrast during Tertiary period between South and.
-former greater distinction between fauna of South and.
-glaciation of South and.
-Rogers on coal-fields.
America (South), Bollaert's "Antiquities" of.
-Araucarian fossil wood from.
-Carabi of.
-elevation of coast.
-fauna of.
-floras of Australia and.
-geology of.
-Darwin's "Geological Observations" on.
-deposition of sediment on coast.
-European plants in.
-frequency of earthquakes.
-D. Forbes on geology of.
-W. Jameson on geology of.
-D'Orbigny on.
-volcanic eruptions.
-Wallace opposed to continent uniting New Zealand, Australia and.
American War.
Ammonia, Darwin's work on effect on roots of carbonate of.
Ammonites, degeneration of.
-reversion.
-of S. America.
Amsinckia.
Amsinckia spectabilis, dimorphism of.
Anacamptis (=Orchis pyramidalis), fertilisation of.
Anacharis (=Elodea Canadensis), spread of.
Analogy, difference between homology and.
Anamorphism, Huxley on.
Anatifera, illustrating difficulty in nomenclature.
Anatomy of Vertebrata, Owen's attack on Darwin and Lyell in.
"Ancient Sea Margins," by R. Chambers.
Anderson-Henry, Isaac (1799?-1884): of Edinburgh, was educated as a
lawyer, but devoted himself to horticulture, more particularly to
experimental work on grafting and hybridisation. As President of the
Botanical Society of Edinburgh he delivered two addresses on
"Hybridisation or Crossing of Plants," of which a full abstract was
published in the "Gardeners' Chronicle," April 13th, 1867, page 379, and
December 21st, 1867, page 1296. See obit. notice in "Gardeners'
Chronicle," September 27th, 1884, page 400.
-letter to.
Andes, Darwin on geology of.
-high-road for European plants.
-comparatively recent origin.
Anemophilous plants, Delpino's work on.
Angiosperms, origin of.
Angraecum sesquipedale, Duke of Argyll on.
Animal Intelligence, Romanes on.
Animals, difference between plants and.
-resemblance to plants.
Annuals, adapted to short seasons.
-Hildebrand on percentages of.
Anoplotherium, occurrence in Eocene of S. America.
Ansted, David Thomas, F.R.S. (1814-80): Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge,
Professor of Geology at King's College, London, author of several papers
and books on geological subjects (see "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume
XXXVII., page 43.)
-letter to.
Antarctic continent, Darwin on existence of Tertiary.
-hypothetical.
"Antarctic Flora," Sir J.D. Hooker's.
Antarctic floras.
-Darwin at work on.
Antarctic islands, plants of.
Antarctic Land.
"Anti-Jacobin," quiz on Erasmus Darwin in.
"Antiquity of Man," Sir Charles Lyell's.
-cautious views on species.
-Darwin's criticism of.
-Extract on Natural Selection from.
-Falconer on.
-Owen's criticism on.
Antirrhinum, peloric flowers.
Ants, account in "Origin" of Slave-.
-Forel's work on.
-Moggridge on Harvesting-.
-F. Muller's observations on neuter.
-storing leaves for plant-culture.
Apathus, living in nests of Bombus.
Apes, comparison as regards advance in intellect between man and.
-ears of anthropoid.
Aphides, absence of wings in viviparous.
Aphis, Huxley on.
Apostasia, morphology of flowers.
Appalachian chain, Rogers on cleavage of.
Apteryx, Owen on.
-wings of.
Aquilegia, Hooker and Thomson on.
-variation in.
-peloria and reversion.
Arachis hypogaea, Darwin on.
Arachnidae.
Araucaria, abundant in Secondary period.
Araucarian wood, fossil in S. America.
Arca, Morse on.
Archaeopteryx.
Archer-Hind, R.D., translation of passage from Plato by.
Archetype, Owen's book on.
-Owen's term.
d'Archiac's "Histoire des Progres de la Geologie."
-candidate for Royal Society Foreign list.
Arctic animals, protective colours.
Arctic climate, cause of present.
Arctic expeditions, Darwin on.
Arctic floras.
-relation between Alpine and.
-relation between Antarctic and.
-Hooker's Essay on.
-Darwin's admiration of Hooker's Essay.
-migration of.
Arctic regions, few plants common to Europe and N. America not ranging
to.
-range of plants.
-northern limit of vegetation formerly lower.
-ice piled up in.
-previous existence of plants in.
Arenaria verna, range.
Argus pheasant, colour.
-unadorned head.
Argyll, Duke of, attack on Romanes in "Nature."
-rejoinder by Romanes in "Nature."
-Hooker on.
-letter to.
-"Reign of Law" by.
Aristolochia, fertilisation of.
Aristotle, reference to.
Ark, Fitz-Roy on extinction of Mastodon owing to construction of.
Armadillo.
Army, measurement of soldiers of U.S.A.
Artemia, Schmankewitsch's experiments on.
Ascension Island, plants of.
-earth-movements.
-volcanic rocks.
Ascidians, budding of.
Asclepiadeae, fertilisation of.
Ash, comparison of peat and coal.
Asher, Dr., sends Russian wheat to Darwin.
Ashley.
Ashley Heath, Mackintosh on boulders of.
Askenasy, E., on Darwinism.
Aspicarpa.
Ass, hybrids between mare and.
Asterias.
Astragalus hypoglottis, range of.
Astronomical causes, crust-movements due to.
Asturian plants in Ireland.
Atavism, use of term by Duchesne.
-Kollmann on.
Athenaeum Club, Huxley's election.
"Athenaeum," correspondence on Darwin's statements on rate of increase
of elephants.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-abuse of Darwin.
Atlantic islands, peculiar genera and their origin.
Atlantis, America and.
-Canary I. and.
-Darwin's disbelief in.
-Heer's map.
-Wollaston's.
Atolls, Darwin's wish for investigation by boring of coral.
-Darwin on Murray's theory.
-Darwin's work on.
Atomogenesis, term suggested as substitute for pangenesis.
Atriplex, buried seeds found in sandpit near Melrose.
Attica, Gaudry on fossil animals.
Auckland Island, flora.
Audubon, J.J., on antics of birds during courtship.
-"Ornithological Biography."
Aurelia, Romanes on.
Auricula, dimorphism of.
-experiments on.
Austen, Godwin, on changes of level on English coast.
Australia, caves of.
-character of fauna.
-flora of.
-Hooker on flora.
-relation of flora to S. America.
-relation of flora to S. Africa.
-European plants in.
-local plants in S.W.
-naturalised plants.
-plants on mountains.
-fossil plants.
-dichogamy of trees in.
-as illustrating rate and progress of evolution.
-Mastodon from.
-products of, compared with those of Asia.
-submergence.
Australian savages and Natural Selection.
Australian species, occurrence in Malay Archipelago and Philippines.
Autobiographical recollections, Charles Darwin's.
Autobiography, extract from Darwin's.
Autogamy, Kerner's term.
Automatism, Huxley's Essay.
Avebury, Lord.
-address at British Association meeting at York (1881).
-on the Finns and Kjokken moddings.
-letters to.
-on the "Origin."
-"Prehistoric Times."
-on the Progress of Science.
-on Seedlings.
-story of Darwin told by.
-Darwin regrets his entrance into politics.
-on Ramsay's lake-theory.
Averrhoa, Darwin's work on.
Axell, Severin, book on fertilisation of plants.
Axon, W.E., letter from Darwin to Mrs. E. Talbot published by.
Aye Aye, Owen on the.
Azara.
Azores, organic relation with America.
-birds.
-European birds as chance wanderers to.
-erratic blocks.
-flora.
-European plants in.
-Miocene beds in.
-relation to Madeira and Canaries.
-Watson on the.
-Orchids from.
-mentioned.
Babies, habit of clutching objects.
Babington, Prof. Charles C., at the British Association (Manchester,
1861).
-"British Flora."
-Darwin sends seeds of Atriplex to.
Baden-Powell, Prof.
Baer.
Bagehot, W., article in "Fortnightly Review" on Physics and Politics.
Bahia Blanca, collection of plants from.
Bailey, on Heterocentron roseum.
Baillon, on pollen-tubes of Helianthemum.
Baker's Flora of the Mauritius and Seychelles.
Balancement, G. St. Hilaire's law of.
Balanidae, Darwin's work on.
Balanus, questions of nomenclature.
Balfour, F.M. (1851-82): Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge.
He was born 1851, and was killed, with his guide, on the Aiguille
Blanche, near Courmayeur, in July 1882. (See "Life and Letters," III.,
page 250.)
-letter to.
-mentioned.
Ball, J., on origin of Alpine flora.
Ball, P., "The effects of Use and Disuse."
Balsaminaceae, genera of.
Banks' Cove, volcano of.
Barber, C., on graft-hybrids of sugar-cane.
Barber, Mrs., on Papilio nireus.
Barberry, abundance in N. America.
-dispersal of seeds by birds.
-Lord Farrer and H. Muller on floral mechanism.
-movement of stamens.
Barbs, see Pigeons.
Bardfield Oxlip (Primula elatior).
Barnacles, Darwin's work on.
-metamorphosis in.
-F. Muller on.
-nomenclature.
-of Secondary Period.
-advance in.
-complemental males compared with plants.
Barneoud, on irregular flowers.
"Baronne Prevost," Rivers on the rose.
Barrande, Joachim (died 1883): devoted himself to the investigation of
the Palaeozoic fossils of Bohemia, his adopted country. His greatest
work was the "Systeme Silurien de la Boheme," of which twenty-two
volumes were published before his death. He was awarded the Wollaston
Medal of the Geological Society in 1855. Barrande propounded the
doctrine of "colonies." He found that in the Silurian strata of
Bohemia, containing a normal succession of fossils, exceptional bands
occurred which yielded fossils characteristic of a higher zone. He
named these bands "colonies," and explained their occurrence by
supposing that the later fauna represented in these "precursory bands"
had already appeared in a neighbouring region, and that by some means
communication was opened at intervals between this region and that in
which the normal Silurian series was being deposited. This apparent
intercalation of younger among older zones has now been accounted for by
infoldings and faulting of the strata. See J.E. Marr, "On the Pre-
Devonian Rocks of Bohemia," "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXVI.,
page 591 (1880); also "Defense des Colonies," by J. Barrande (Prag,
1861), and Geikie's "Text-book of Geology" (1893), page 773.
-candidature for Royal medal.
-candidate for Royal Society foreign list.
-work on Colonies.
-Lyell on work of.
Barriers to plant distribution in America.
Barrow, on Emberiza longicauda.
-"Travels in S. Africa."
Barrow, Sir J., connection with naval expeditions.
Barrow, germination of seeds from a.
Bartlett, Abraham Dee (1812-97): was resident superintendent of the
Zoological Society's Gardens in Regent's Park from 1859 to 1897. He
communicated several papers to the Zoological Society. His knowledge was
always at the service of Mr. Darwin, who had a sincere respect for him.
-letters to.
Barton, on trees of N. America.
Basalt, association with granite.
-separation of trachyte and.
Basques, H. Christy on the.
-Hooker on Finns and.
Bastian, "The Beginnings of Life."
Bat, natural selection and increase in size of wings.
Bates, Henry Walter (1825-92): was born at Leicester, and after an
apprenticeship in a hosiery business he became a clerk in Allsopp's
brewery. He did not remain long in this uncongenial position, for in 1848
he embarked for Para with Mr. Wallace, whose acquaintance he had made at
Leicester some years previously. Mr. Wallace left Brazil after four years'
sojourn, and Bates remained for seven more years. He suffered much ill-
health and privation, but in spite of adverse circumstances he worked
unceasingly: witness the fact that his collection of insects numbered
14,000 specimens. He became Assistant Secretary to the Royal Geographical
Society in 1864, a post which he filled up to the time of his death in
1892. In Mr. Clodd's interesting memoir prefixed to his edition of the
"Naturalist on the Amazons," 1892, the editor pays a warm and well-weighed
tribute to Mr. Bates's honourable and lovable personal character. See also
"Life and Letters," II., page 380.
-"A Naturalist on the Amazons."
-Darwin's opinion of his work.
-on insect fauna of Amazon Valley.
-on lepidoptera of Amazons.
-letter from Hooker to.
-letters to.
-letter to Hooker from.
-Darwin reviews paper by.
-on flower of Monochaetum.
-on insects of Chili.
-supplies Darwin with facts for sexual selection.
Bateson, Miss A., on cross fertilisation in inconspicuous flowers.
Bateson, W., on breeding lepidoptera in confinement.
-Mendel's "Principles of Heredity."
Batrachians, Kollmann on rudimentary digits.
Bauer, F., drawings by.
Bauhinia, sleep-movements of leaves.
Beaches, S. American raised.
"Beagle" (H.M.S.), circumstance of Darwin joining.
-Darwin's views on species when on.
-FitzRoy and voyage of.
-return of.
-voyage.
Beans, holes bitten by bees in flowers.
-extra-floral nectaries of.
Bear, comparison with whale.
-modification of.
Beaton, Donald (1802-63): Biographical notices in the "Journal of
Horticulture" and the "Cottage Gardener," XIII., page 153, and "Journ.
Hort." 1863, pages 349 and 415, are referred to in Britten & Boulger's
"Biographical Index of Botanists," 1893. Dr. Masters tells us that
Beaton had a "first-rate reputation as a practical gardener, and was
esteemed for his shrewdness and humour."
-Darwin on work of.
-on Pelargonium.
Beatson, on land birds in S. Helena.
Beaufort.
Beaufort, Captain, asks Darwin for information as to collecting.
Beaumont, Elie de (1798-1874): was a pupil in the Ecole Polytechnique
and afterwards in the Ecole des Mines. In 1820 he accompanied M.
Brochant de Villiers to England in order to study the principles of
geological mapping, and to report on the English mines and metallurgical
establishments. For several years M. de Beaumont was actively engaged
in the preparation of the geological map of France, which was begun in
1825, and in 1835 he succeeded M. B. de Villiers in the Chair of Geology
at the Ecole des Mines. In 1853 he was elected Perpetual Secretary of
the French Academy, and in 1861 he became Vice-President of the Conseil
General des Mines and a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. Elie de
Beaumont is best known among geologists as the author of the "Systemes
des Montagnes" and other publications, in which he put forward his
theories on the origin of mountain ranges and on kindred subjects.
("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXXI.; "Proc." page xliii, 1875.)
-on lines of elevation.
-on elevation in Cordilleras.
-elevation-crater theory.
-Darwin's disbelief in views and work of.
-on lava and dykes.
-Lyell's refutation of his theory.
-measurement of natural inclination of lava-streams.
Beauty, criticism by J. Morley of Darwin's phraseology in regard to.
-discussion on.
-lepidoptera and display of.
-Wallace on.
-Darwin's discussion on origin.
-in female animals.
-in plumage of male and female birds.
-of seeds and fruits.
-Shaw on.
-standards of.
Bedford, flint implements found near.
Beech, in Chonos I.
-in T. del Fuego and Chili.
-Miquel on distribution.
Bee-Ophrys (Ophrys apifera), see Bee-Orchis.
Bee-Orchis, Darwin's experiments on crossing.
-fertilisation.
-self-fertilisation.
-intermediate forms between Ophrys arachnites and.
Bees, combs.
-Haughton on cells of.
-and instinct.
-referred to in "Descent of Man."
-New Zealand clover and.
-acquisition of power of building cells.
-Darwin's observations on.
-agents in fertilisation of papilionaceous flowers.
-as pollen collectors.
-difference between sexes.
-H. Muller on.
-and parthenogenesis.
-regular lines of flight at Down.
Beet, graft-hybrids.
Beete-Jukes, alluded to in De la Beche's presidential address.
Beetles, bivalves distributed by.
-Forel's work on.
-nest-inhabiting.
-stag-.
-stridulating organs.
"Befruchtung der Blumen," H. Muller's, the outcome of Darwin's
"Fertilisation of Orchids."
Begonia, monstrous flowers.
-B. frigida, Hooker on.
Begoniaceae, genera of.
Behring Straits, spreading of plants from.
Belize, coral reefs near.
Bell, on Owen's "Edinburgh Review" article.
Bell, Sir C., "Anatomy of Expression."
Belt, T., on conspicuously coloured animals distasteful to birds.
-letter to.
-"The Naturalist in Nicaragua."
Ben Nevis, Ice-barrier under.
Benson, Miss, on Chalazogamy in Amentiferae.
Bentham, George (1800-83): son of Sir Samuel Bentham, and nephew of Jeremy,
the celebrated authority on jurisprudence. Sir Samuel Bentham was at first
in the Russian service, and afterwards in that of his own country, where he
attained the rank of Inspector-General of Naval Works. George Bentham was
attracted to botany during a "caravan tour" through France in 1816, when he
set himself to work out the names of flowers with De Candolle's "Flore
Francaise." During this period he entered as a student of the Faculte de
Theologie at Tours. About 1820 he was turned to the study of philosophy,
probably through an acquaintance with John Stuart Mill. He next became the
manager of his father's estates near Montpellier, and it was here that he
wrote his first serious work, an "Essai sur la Classification des Arts et
Sciences." In 1826 the Benthams returned to England, where he made many
friends, among whom was Dr. Arnott; and it was in his company that Bentham,
in 1824, paid a long visit to the Pyrenees, the fruits of which was his
first botanical work, "Catalogue des Plantes indigenes des Pyrenees, etc."
1826. About this time Bentham entered Lincoln's Inn with a view to being
called to the Bar, but the greater part of his energies was given to
helping his Uncle Jeremy, and to independent work in logic and
jurisprudence. He published his "Outlines of a New System of Logic"
(1827), but the merit of his work was not recognised until 1850. In 1829
Bentham finally gave up the Bar and took up his life's work as a botanist.
In 1854 he presented his collections and books (valued at 6,000 pounds) to
the Royal Gardens, Kew, and for the rest of his life resided in London, and
worked daily at the Herbarium. His work there began with the "Flora of
Hong Kong," which was followed by that of Australia published in 1867 in
seven volumes octavo. At the same time the "Genera Plantarum" was being
planned; it was begun, with Dr. Hooker as a collaborator, in 1862, and
concluded in 1883. With this monumental work his labours ended; "his
strength...suddenly gave way...his visits to Kew ended, and lingering on
under increasing debility, he died of old age on September 10th last"
(1883.)
The amount of work that he accomplished was gigantic and of the most
masterly character. In speaking of his descriptive work the writer (Sir
J.D. Hooker) of the obituary notice in "Nature" (October 2nd, 1884), from
which many of the above facts are taken, says that he had "no superior
since the days of Linnaeus and Robert Brown, and he has left no equal
except Asa Gray" ("Athenaeum," December 31st, 1850; "Contemporary Review,"
May, 1873; "George Bentham, F.R.S." By Sir J.D. Hooker, "Annals Bot."
Volume XII., 1898).
-mentioned.
-address to Linnean Society.
-Darwin's criticism on address.
-letters to.
-extract from letter to.
-views on species and on "Origin."
-on fertilisation mechanism in Goodeniaceae.
-on hybridism.
-runs too many forms together.
-on Scott's Primula paper.
Berberis, Pfeffer on stamens.
Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1803-89): was educated at Rugby and Christ's
College, Cambridge; he took orders in 1827. Berkeley is described by
Sir William Thiselton-Dyer as "the virtual founder of British Mycology"
and as the first to treat the subject of the pathology of plants in a
systematic manner. In 1857 he published his "Introduction to
Cryptogamic Botany." ("Annals of Botany," Volume XI., 1897, page ix;
see also an obituary notice by Sir Joseph Hooker in the "Proc. Royal
Society," Volume XLVII., page ix, 1890.)
-address by.
-experiments on saltwater and seed-dispersal.
-letter to.
-mentioned.
-notice of Darwin's work by.
Bermudas, American plants in.
-coral-reefs.
Berzelius, on flints.
Bhootan, Rhododendron Boothii from.
Bible, chronology of.
Biffen, R., potato grafts.
Bignonia, F. Muller's paper on.
-B. capreolata, tendrils of.
Binney, Edward William F.R.S. (1812-81): contributed numerous papers to the
Royal, Palaeontographical, Geological, and other Societies, on Upper
Carboniferous and Permian Rocks; his most important work deals with the
internal structure of Coal-Measure plants. In a paper "On the Origin of
Coal," published in the "Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society," Volume VIII., page 148, in 1848, Binney expressed
the view that the sediments of the Coal Period were marine rather than
estuarine, and were deposited on the floor of an ocean, which was
characterised by a "uniformity and shallowness unknown" in any oceanic area
of the present day.
-on marshes of Coal period.
-on coal and coal plants.
Biogenesis, Huxley's address on abiogenesis and.
Biology, Huxley's "Course of Practical Instruction" in.
Biology of plants, Hooker's scheme for a Flora, with notes on.
Birds, as agents of dispersal of plants.
-blown to Madeira.
-climate and effect on American.
-coloration of.
-comparison with mammals.
-as isolated groups.
-of Madeira.
-modification in.
-Andrew Murray on Wallace's theory of nests.
-Wallace's theory of nests.
-agents in dispersal of land-molluscs.
-antics during courtship.
-courtesy towards own image.
-expression of fear by erection of feathers.
-means of producing music.
-spurs on female.
-pairing.
-polygamy.
-proportion of sexes.
-sexual selection and colour.
-attracted by singing of bullfinch.
-tameness in Brazilian species.
-occurrence of unpaired.
-Weir's observations on.
Bird of paradise, and polygamy.
Birmingham, British Association meeting (1849).
Bivalves, means of dispersal of freshwater.
Bizcacha, burrowing animal of Patagonia.
Blackbird, variation in tufted.
Blair, Rev. R.H., observations on the blind.
Blake, paper on Elephants in "Geologist."
Blanford, H.F., on an Indo-oceanic continent.
Blanford, W.T., obituary notice of Neumayr by.
Blind, expression of those born.
Blomefield, L., see Jenyns, L.
Bloom, Darwin's work on.
-F. Darwin on connection between stomata and (see also Darwin, F.)
-effect of rain on.
-on leaf of Trifolium resupinatum.
-protection against parasites.
-on seashore plants.
Blow-fly, Lowne on the.
Blyth, Edward (1810-73): distinguished for his knowledge of Indian birds
and mammals. He was for twenty years Curator of the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, a collection which was practically created by
his exertions. Gould spoke of him as "the founder of the study" of
Zoology in India. His published writings are voluminous, and include,
in addition to those bearing his name, numerous articles in the "Field,
Land and Water," etc., under the signature "Zoophilus" or "Z." He also
communicated his knowledge to others with unsparing generosity, yet—
doubtless the chief part of his "extraordinary fund of information" died
with him. Darwin had much correspondence with him, and always spoke of
him with admiration for his powers of observation and for his judgment.
The letters to Blyth have unfortunately not come into our hands. The
indebtedness of Darwin to Blyth may be roughly gauged by the fact that
the references under his name in the index to "Animals and Plants"
occupy nearly a column. For further information about Blyth see Grote's
introduction to the "Catalogue of Mammals and Birds of Burma, by the
late E. Blyth" in the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal," Part
II., Extra number, August 1875; also an obituary notice published at the
time of his death in the "Field." Mr. Grote's Memoir contains a list of
Blyth's writings which occupies nearly seven pages of the "Journal." We
are indebted to Professor Newton for calling our attention to the
sources of this note.
-reference to letter from.
-visits Down.
-on Gallinaceae.
Blytt, Axel Gudbrand (1843-98): the son of the well-known systematist M.N.
Blytt. He was attached to the Christiania Herbarium in 1865, and in 1880
became Professor of Botany in the University. His best-known work is the
essay referred to above, but he was also known for purely systematic work
in Botany as well as for meteorological and geological contributions to
science. The above facts are taken from C. Holtermann's obituary notice in
the "Berichte der Deutschen Bot. Gesell." Volume XVII., 1899.
-essay on immigration of Norwegian flora during alternating rainy and
dry periods.
-letter to.
Bog-Mammoth.
Boiler, comparison with volcano.
Boissier, on plants of S. Spain.
Boissiera, crossing experiments on.
Bolbophyllum, Darwin's account of.
Bolivia, geology of.
Bollaert's "Antiquities of S. America."
Bombus, diversity in generative organs.
-Psithyrus in nests of.
-Pollen-collecting apparatus of male.
Bombycilla, protective colours.
Bombyx, sexes in.
Bonaparte, L., on Basque and Finnish language.
Bonatea speciosa, F. Muller on.
-structure of flower.
Bonney's Edition of Darwin's "Coral Reefs."
-"Charles Lyell and Modern Geology."
Bonnier, G., on alpine plants.
Boragineae, dimorphism in.
Borneo, New Zealand and Australian plants in.
-temperate plants in lowlands.
-possible region for remains of early man.
Bory's Flora of Bourbon.
Bosquet, cirripede monograph sent by Darwin to.
-gives Darwin note on fossil Chthamalus.
Botanical collections (national) consolidation at Kew.
Botanist, Darwin as.
Botany, philosophical spirit in study of.
Boulders, transport of erratic (see also Erratic blocks).
-Darwin on Ashley Heath.
-in Glen Roy.
-on Moel Tryfan.
Bourbon, Bory's Flora of.
Bournemouth, Darwin's visit to.
Bovey Tracey, Heer on fossil plants of.
Bower, Prof. F.O., on Welwitschia.
Bower-bird, Bartlett's experiments on.
-colours discriminated by.
Bowman, W., Letters to.
-supplies Darwin with facts on Expression.
Brachiopods, Morse on.
-Silurian.
Brackish-water plants.
Bradshaw, H., translation of Hebrew letter by.
Brain, Owen on.
-evolution in man.
-Wallace on Natural Selection and Evolution of.
Branchipus, Schmankewitsch's experiments on.
Branta, mentioned in reference to nomenclature of Barnacles.
Brassica sinapistrum, germination at Down of old seeds.
Braun, A., convert to Darwin's views.
Bravais, on lines of old sea-level in Finmark.
Brazil, L. Agassiz's book on.
-Agassiz on glacial phenomena in.
-F. Muller's residence in.
-plants on mountains of.
-basalt in association with granite.
-Darwin on origin of lakes in.
-dimorphism of plants in S.
Bree, Dr., on Celts.
-misrepresents Darwin.
Breeders, views on Selection held by.
Breeding, chapter in "Origin" on.
Brehm, on birds.
Breitenbach, Dr.
Brewster, Sir D., on Glen Roy.
Bridgeman.
Brinton, Dr., attends Darwin.
British Association,
Meetings: Belfast (1874), Birmingham (1849), Cambridge (1862), Ipswich
(1851), Leeds (1858), Liverpool (1870), Manchester (1861), Norwich
(1868), Nottingham (1866), Oxford (1847), Oxford (1860), Southampton
(1846), Swansea (1880), York (1881).
Addresses: Berkeley, Fawcett, Hooker, Hooker on Insular Floras, (see
also Hooker, Sir J.D.), Huxley on Abiogenesis, Lord Kelvin, Wallace on
Birds' Nests.
British Association, Committee for investigation of Coral Atoll by
boring.
British Medical Association, undertakes defence of Dr. Ferrier.
British Museum, disposal of Botanical Collections.
Brodie, Sir Benjamin.
Brongniart, Ad., on Sigillaria.
Bronn, H.G., Letter to.
-on German translation of "Origin."
-reference in his translation of "Origin" to tails of mice as difficulty
opposed to Natural Selection.
-on Natural Selection.
-"Entwickelung."
-"Morphologische Studien."
-"Naturgeschische der drei Reiche."
Brougham, Lord, on Structure of Bees' cells.
-habit of writing everything important three times.
Brown, H.T., and F. Escombe, on vitality of seeds.
-on influence of varying amounts of CO2 on plants.
Brown, R., accompanies Flinders on Australian voyage.
-meets Darwin.
-dilatoriness over King's collection.
-illness.
-on course of vessels in orchid flowers.
-mentioned.
-on pollen-tubes.
-seldom indulged in theory.
Brulle, Gaspard-Auguste (1809-73): held a post in the Natural History
Museum, Paris, from 1833 to 1839; on leaving Paris he occupied the chair
of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Dijon. ("Note sur la Vie et les
Travaux Entomologiques d'Auguste Brulle" by E. Desmarest. "Ann. Soc.
Entom." Volume II., page 513.)
-reference to work by.
-his pupils' eagerness to hear Darwin's views.
Brunonia, Hamilton on fertilisation mechanism.
Brunton, Sir T. Lauder, letters to.
-letter to Darwin from.
Brydges and Anderson, collection of S. American plants.
Bryophyllum calycinum, Duval-Jouve and F. Muller on movements of leaves.
Bryozoa, specimens found during voyage of "Beagle."
Buch, von, on craters of Albermarle I.
-Darwin's disbelief in his views.
-mentioned.
-"Travels in Norway."
Buckland, William (1784-1856): became a scholar of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, in 1801; in 1808 he was elected Fellow and ordained
priest. Buckland travelled on horseback over a large part of the
south-west of England, guided by the geological maps of William Smith.
In 1813 he was appointed to the Chair of Mineralogy at Oxford, and soon
afterwards to a newly created Readership in Geology. In 1823 the
"Reliquiae Diluvianae" was published, a work which aimed at supporting
the records of revelation by scientific investigations. In 1824
Buckland was President of the Geological Society, and in the following
year he left Oxford for the living of Stoke Charity, near Whitchurch,
Hampshire. "The Bridgewater Treatise" appeared in 1836. In 1845
Buckland was appointed Dean of Westminster; he was again elected
president of the Geological Society in 1840, and in 1848 he received the
Wollaston medal. An entertaining account of Buckland is given in Mr.
Tuckwell's "Reminiscences of Oxford," London, 1900, page 35, with a
reproduction of the portrait from Gordon's "Life of Buckland."
-on Glen Roy.
-mentioned.
Buckle, Darwin reads book by.
Buckley, Miss.
Buckman, on N. American plants.
Buckman, Prof., experiments at Cirencester.
Bud, propagation by.
-Hooker's use of term.
-fertilisation in.
Bud-variation.
Buenos-Ayres, fossils sent by Darwin from.
Bull-dog, as example of Design.
Bullfinch, experiment on colouring.
-attracted by German singing-bird.
-Weir on pairing.
Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart. (1809-85): was born at Messina in
1809, and in 1829 entered Trinity College, Cambridge. At the end of 1837
he went with Sir George Napier to the Cape of Good Hope, and during a
residence there of twelve months Bunbury devoted himself to botanical
field-work, and afterwards (1848) published his "Journal of a Residence at
the Cape of Good Hope." In 1844 Bunbury married the second daughter of Mr.
Leonard Horner, Lady Lyell's sister.
In addition to several papers dealing with systematic and geographical
Botany Bunbury published numerous contributions on palaeobotanical
subjects, a science with which his name will always be associated as one
of those who materially assisted in raising the study of Fossil Plants
to a higher scientific level. His papers on fossil plants were
published in the "Journal of the Geological Society" between 1846 and
1861, and shortly before his death a collection of botanical
observations made in South Africa and South America was issued in book
form in a volume entitled "Botanical Fragments" (London, 1883). Bunbury
was elected into the Royal Society in 1851, and from 1847 to 1853 he
acted as Foreign Secretary to the Geological Society. "Life, Letters,
and Journals of Sir Charles J.F. Bunbury, Bart." edited by his wife
Frances Joanna Bunbury, and privately printed. (Undated.)
-Darwin's opinion of.
-views on Evolution.
-on Agassiz's statements on glaciation of Brazil.
-on plants of Madeira.
-illness.
-mentioned.
Bunsen, Copley medal awarded to.
-mentioned.
Burbidge, F.W., on Malaxis.
Burleigh, Lord.
Burnett.
Busk, G., visit to the Continent with Falconer.
-on caves of Gibraltar.
Butler, A.G., identification of butterflies.
Butler, Dr., Darwin at Shrewsbury School under.
-mentioned.
Butterflies, attracted by colours.
-and mimicry.
-tameness of.
-colour and sexual selection.
-description by Darwin of ticking.
Butterfly-orchis, (see also Habenaria.)
Cabbage, Darwin's work on.
-effect of salt water on.
-Pinguicula and seeds of.
-sleep-movements of cotyledons.
-waxy secretion on leaves.
Caddis-flies, F. Muller on abortion of hairs on legs of.
Caenonympha, breeding in confinement.
Caird, on Torbitt's potato experiments.
Calcutta, J. Scott's position in Botanic Garden.
Callidryas philea, and Hedychium.
Callithrix Sciureus, wrinkling of eyes during screaming.
Calluna vulgaris, in Azores.
Cambrian, piles of unconformable strata below.
Cambridge, Darwin and Henslow.
-Honorary LL.D. given to Darwin.
-mentioned.
-Darwin's recollections of.
-Owen's address.
-Philosophical Society meeting.
-Darwin visits.
-specimens of Darwin's plants in Botanical Museum.
Camel, Cuvier's statement on teeth.
-in N. America.
Cameroons, commingling of temperate and tropical plants.
-Hooker on plants of.
-plants of.
Campanula, fertilisation mechanism.
-C. perfoliata, note by Scott on.
Campanulaceae, crossing in.
Campbell Island, flora.
Campodea, Lord Avebury on.
Canada, Sir William Dawson's work.
Canaries, fertility of hybrids.
-plumage.
-wildness of hybrids.
Canary Islands, flora.
-Humboldt on.
-insects of.
-Madeira formerly connected with.
-relation to Azores and Madeira.
-d'Urville on.
-African affinity of eastern.
-elevation of.
-Von Buch on.
-Trunks of American trees washed on shores of.
Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus De (1806-93): was the son of
Augustin Pyramus, and succeeded his father as Professor of Botany at
Geneva in 1835. He resigned his Chair in 1850, and devoted himself to
research for the rest of his life. At the time of his father's death,
in 1841, seven volumes of the "Prodromus" had appeared: Alphonse
completed the seventeenth volume in 1873. In 1855 appeared his
"Geographie botanique raisonnee," "which was the most important work of
his life," and if not a precursor, "yet one of the inevitable
foundation-stones" of modern evolutionary principles. He also wrote
"Histoire des Savants," 1873, and "Phytographie," 1880. He was lavish
of assistance to workers in Botany, and was distinguished by a dignified
and charming personality. (See Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer's obituary in
"Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 269.)
-on influence of climate.
-on Cupuliferae.
-on extinction of plants in cultivated land.
-"Geographie botanique."
-letters to.
-on introduced plants.
-on naturalised plants and variation.
-review by Asa Gray of.
-on relation of size of families to range of species.
-on social plants.
-mentioned.
Candolle, C. de, on latent life in seeds.
Canestrini, on proportion of sexes in Bombyx.
Canna, fertilisation of.
Cape of Good Hope (see also Africa).
-Australian flora compared with that of.
-flora.
-variable heaths of.
-Darwin's geological observations on metamorphism at.
-European element in flora.
-Meyer and Doege on plants of.
Cape Tres Montes, the "Beagle's" southern limit.
Caprification, F. Muller in "Kosmos" on.
Capsella bursa-pastoris, cross-fertilisation of.
Carabus, origin of.
-in Chili.
-A. Murray on.
Carbon dioxide, percentage in atmosphere.
Carboniferous period, glacial action.
-subsidence during.
Cardamine, quasi-bulbs on leaves.
Carduelis elegans, length of beak.
Carex.
Carices, of Greenland.
Carlisle, Sir A., on Megatherium.
Carlyle, Mrs., remark on Owen.
Carmichael, on Tristan d'Acunha.
Carmichaelia.
Carnarvonshire, Darwin on glaciers of.
Caroline Islands, want of knowledge on flora.
Carpenter, Dr., on influence of blood in crossing.
Carrier-pigeon (see Pigeon), preference for certain colours in pairing.
Carrot, flowers of.
Carruthers, W., on potato experiments.
Carter, H.J., on reproduction of lower animals and foreshadowing of
Chemotaxis.
Carus, Professor Victor: translated several of Mr. Darwin's books into
German (see "Life and Letters, III., page 48).
-letters to.
Casarea, a snake peculiar to Round Island.
Case, G., Darwin at school of.
Cassia, Darwin's experiments on.
-sleep-movements of leaves.
-two kinds of stamens.
-Todd on flowers of.
Cassini, observations on pollen.
-on ovaries of Compositae.
Cassiope hypnoides.
Castes, Galton on.
Catalpa.
Catasetum, fertilisation of.
-Huxley's scepticism as to mechanism of.
-morphology of flower.
-aerial roots.
-sexual forms of.
-C. saccatum, flower of.
-C. tridentatum, three sexual forms.
Caterpillars, colour and protection.
-experiments by Weir.
Cats, Belgian society to encourage homing of.
-habits of.
Cattell, on crossing sweet peas.
Cattleya, Darwin suggests experiments on.
-self-fertilisation.
Caucasus, wingless insects of.
Cauquenes, baths of.
Cave-fish, reference in the "Origin" to blind.
Cave-rat.
Caves, animals in Australian.
Cavia, specimens collected by Darwin.
Ceara Mountains, L. Agassiz on glaciers of.
Cebus, expression when astonished.
Cecidomyia, ancestor of.
Cedars, Hooker on.
Celebes, geographical distribution in.
Cellaria.
Celosia, experiment on.
Celts, Bree on.
Centipedes, luminosity of.
Centradenia, two sets of stamens in.
-position of pistil.
Cephalanthera, flower.
-single pollen-grains.
-C. grandiflora, fertilisation mechanism.
Cephalopods, Hyatt on embryology of.
-Hyatt on fossil.
Cephalotus.
Cervus campestris, of La Plata.
Cetacea, Lyell on.
Ceylon, Malayan types in.
-plants.
-former connection with Africa.
-dimorphic plants of.
Chaffinch, courtship of.
Chalazal fertilisation, Miss Benson on.
-foreshadowed by Darwin.
-Treub on.
Chalk, occurrence of Angiosperms in.
-as oceanic deposit.
"Challenger" (H.M.S.), reports reviewed by Huxley.
-account of sedimentation in.
Challis, Prof.
Chambers, Robert (1802-71): began as a bookseller in Edinburgh in 1816, and
from very modest beginnings he gradually increased his business till it
became the flourishing publishing firm of W. & R. Chambers. After writing
several books on biographical, historical and other subjects, Chambers
published anonymously the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" in
1844; in 1848 his work on "Ancient Sea Margins" appeared; and this was
followed by the "Book of Days" and other volumes. ("Dict. Nat. Biog."
1887; see also Darwin's "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.)
-announced as author of "Vestiges of Creation."
-on derivation of marine from land and fresh-water organisms.
-Darwin visits.
-on Glen Roy.
-on land-glaciation of Scotland.
-letters to.
-letter to Milne-Home from.
-on scepticism of scientific men.
-mentioned.
Chance, use of term.
Chandler, S.E. (see Farmer, J.B.)
Changed conditions, Schmankewitsch's experiments on effect of.
Charles Island, Darwin's plants from.
Charlock, germination of old seeds.
Chatham Island, Darwin's collection of plants from.
-Travers on.
Checks, use of artificial.
Chemotaxis, foreshadowed by Carter.
Chiasognathus Grantii.
Childhood, Charles Darwin's.
Children, Darwin on.
-experiment on emotions of.
-colour-sense.
-coloured compared with white.
-comparison between those of educated and uneducated parents.
-expression.
-development of mind.
-intelligence of monkeys and.
Chili, elevation of coast.
-geology of.
-plants common to New Zealand and.
-Carabus of.
-Darwin on earthquakes and terraces in.
Chillingham cattle, Darwin and Hindmarsh on.
Chiloe, description of.
-forests.
-geology.
-plants on mountains.
-boulders.
China, expedition to.
Chinese, explanation of affinities with Mexicans.
"Chips from a German Workshop," Max Muller's.
Chloeon dimidiatum, Lord Avebury on.
Chlorite, segregation of.
Chlorophyll, Darwin's work on action of carbonate of ammonia on.
Chonos Islands, Darwin's collections of plants from.
-Darwin's account of.
-geology of.
-potato.
Christy, H.
Christy, Miller, on oxlip.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium.
Chthamalus, in the chalk.
Cicada, experiments on eggs.
-Muller on rivalry of.
-Walsh on.
-C. septendecim, Sharp's account of.
Cinchona, Hooker on different rates of growth in seedlings.
Circumnutation, F. Muller's observations on.
Cirripedes, see Barnacles.
Cistus, hybridism of.
Citrus, unequal cotyledons.
-polyembryonic seeds.
Civilisation, effect on savages.
Claparede, convert to Darwin's views.
-and Mdlle. Royer.
Clapperton's "Scientific Meliorism," letter of Gaskell in.
Clark, on classification of sponges.
Clark, Sir James (1788-1870): was for some years a medical officer in
the Navy; he afterwards practised in Rome till he moved to London in
1826. On the accession of Queen Victoria he was made Physician in
Ordinary and received a baronetcy; he was elected into the Royal Society
in 1832. ("Dict. Nat. Biog." 1857; article by Dr. Norman Moore.)
-on Glen Roy.
Clarke, W.B., "Wreck of the 'Favourite.'"
Clarkia, two kinds of stamens.
-C. elegans.
Classification, Bentham on.
-Cuvier on.
-Dana on mammalian.
-Darwin on.
-Darwin and Huxley on.
-genealogy and.
-value of reproductive organs in.
Clay-slate, metamorphism of.
Cleavage and foliation.
-Darwin on his work on.
-history of work on.
-parallelism of foliation and.
-relation to stratification.
-relation to rock-curves.
-Rogers on.
-Sedgwick on.
-uniformity of foliation and.
-result of chemical action.
-metamorphic schists.
-lines of incipient tearing form planes of.
-Tyndall on Sorby's observations.
Cleistogamic flowers, fertilisation.
-of grass.
-of Oxalis and Viola.
-pollen of.
-comparison with Termites.
Clematis, Darwin's error in work on.
-Darwin's experiments on.
-irritability.
Clematis glandulosa, identified at Down by power of feeling.
Cleodora, specific differences in.
Clethra, absence in Azores.
-remnant of Tertiary Flora.
Clianthus.
Clift, William (1775-1849): Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College
of Surgeons.
-on fossil bones from Australia.
-Owen assistant to.
Climate, changes in.
-effect on species.
-effect on species of birds.
-migration of organisms and change in.
-relation to distribution and structure of plants.
-extinct mammals as evidence of change in.
-and sexual differentiation.
-variation and.
-Lyell on former.
-mild Miocene.
Climbing Plants, Darwin's work on.
-circumnutation of.
-F. Muller's work on.
Clivia, Scott's work on.
Clodd's memoir of Bates.
Close species, absence of intermediate forms between.
-definition of.
-Asa Gray on.
-in warm temperate lands of N. and S. hemispheres.
-relation to flora of N. America.
Clover, relation between bees and.
Club, dinner at Linnean.
-Philosophical.
Coal, Darwin on origin of.
-Lesquereux on the flora of.
-marine marshes and plants of.
-ash of.
Coal period, higher percentage of CO2 during.
Coast-lines, parallelism with lines of volcanoes.
Cobbe, Miss, article in "Theological Review" on "Descent of Man."
Cockburn Island, boulders from.
Cochin hen, experiments on.
Coelogyne, fertilisation mechanism.
Coffea arabica, seeds with two embryos.
Cohn, F., notice in "Cornhill" of his botanical work.
Coldstream, Dr.
Colenso, on Maori races of New Zealand.
Coleoptera, apterous form of Madeira.
-colonisation of ants' nests by.
Colias edusa, wings of.
Collecting, Darwin's early taste for.
Collier, Hon. John: Royal Academician, son-in-law to Professor Huxley.
-Art primer by.
-letter to.
-portrait of Darwin by.
Collingwood, Dr., on mimetic forms.
Colonies, Barrande's.
Colonisation, conditions of.
Coloration, Walsh on unity of.
Colour, butterflies attracted by.
-mimicry in butterflies by means of.
-of dioecious flowers.
-and fertilisation of flowers.
-in grouse, and Natural Selection.
-in birds.
-in male birds, not simply due to Natural Selection.
-Darwin's work on.
-Darwin differs from Wallace in views on.
-evolution of.
-experiments on birds.
-Hackel on lower animals and.
-Krause on.
-Magnus on.
-protection and.
-relation to sex.
-in seeds and fruits.
-and Sexual Selection.
-sense of, in children.
-Wallace on.
Columba aenas, habits of.
-C. livia, descent of pigeons from.
Combretum.
Combs, bees', (see also Bees).
Comparative anatomy, Huxley's book on.
Compensation, belief of botanists in.
Compiler, Darwin's opinion of a.
Compositae, Harvey on.
-Masters' reference to.
-monstrosities in.
-morphological characters.
-Schleiden on.
-Darwin on crossing.
-fertilisation mechanism.
-Hildebrand on dispersal of seeds.
-viscid threads of seeds.
Comte, Huxley on.
Concepcion Island, geology of.
-Darwin's account of earthquake.
Conchoderma, in reference to nomenclature.
Concretions, origin of.
Conditions of life, effect on animals and plants.
-effect on elephants.
-effect on reproductive system.
-hybrids and.
-importance in maintaining number of species.
-species and changes in.
-and sterility.
-variability depends more on nature of organisms than on.
Confervae and sexuality.
Coniferae, abundant in humid temperate regions.
Connecting links.
-Gaudry on.
Conscience, Morley on Darwin's treatment of.
Conspectus crustaceorum, Dana's.
Constancy, in abnormally developed organs.
Contemporaneity, Darwin on.
Continental elevation, volcanic eruptions and.
Continental extension, Darwin on.
-evidence in favour of.
-Hooker on.
-Lyell on.
-and means of distribution.
-New Zealand and.
Continental forms, versus insular.
Continents, inhabitants of islands and.
-movements of.
-Wallace on sinking imaginary.
Controversy, Darwin's hatred and avoidance of.
Convallaria majalis, in Virginia.
Convolvulus, supposed dimorphism of.
Cooling of crust, disagreement among physicists as to rate.
Cope, Edward Drinker (1840-97): was for a short time Professor at Haverford
College; he was a member of certain United States Geological Survey
expeditions, and at the time of his death he held a Professorship in the
University of Pennsylvania. He wrote several important memoirs on
"Vertebrate Paleontology," and in 1887 published "The Origin of the
Fittest."
-style of.
-and Hyatt, theories of.
Copley medal, Darwin and the.
-Falconer, and Darwin's.
-Lindley considered for the.
-awarded to Lyell.
-awarded to Bunsen.
-Darwin describes letter from Hooker as a.
Coquimbo, Darwin visits.
-upraised shells.
Coral islands, and subsidence.
-plants of.
Coral reefs, Darwin's work on.
-Bonney's edition of Darwin's book on.
-A. Agassiz on.
-Dana on.
-fossil.
-Murray on.
-conditions of life of polyps.
-solution by CO2 of.
-subsidence of.
Coral tree, (see Erythrina).
Corallines, nature of.
Cordiaceae, dimorphism in.
Cordilleras, glaciers of.
-high-road for plants.
-plants of.
-birds of.
-comparison between Glen Roy and terraces of.
-Darwin on earth-movements of.
-Forbes on.
-submarine lava-streams.
-volcanic activity and elevation.
Coronilla, Lord Farrer on.
-C. emerus.
-C. varia.
Coryanthes, "beats everything in orchids."
Corydalis, Hildebrand shows falsity of idea of self-fertilisation of.
-C. cava, Hildebrand on self-sterility of.
-C. claviculata, tendrils of.
-C. tuberosa, possible case of reversion in floral structure.
"Cottage Gardener," Darwin offers reward for Hyacinth grafts.
Cotyledons, Darwin's experiments on.
Counterbalance, Watson on divergent variation and.
Cowslips, Primroses and.
-Darwin's experiments on artificial fertilisation.
-homomorphic seedlings.
-loss of dimorphism.
Craig Dhu, shelves of.
Craters, in Galapagos Island.
-of denudation, Lyell on.
-of elevation.
-Darwin on.
Crawford, John (1783-1868): Orientalist, Ethnologist, etc. Mr. Crawford
wrote a review on the "Origin," which, though hostile, was free from
bigotry (see "Life and Letters," II., page 237).)
Creation, acts of.
-doctrine of.
-of species as eggs.
-Owen on.
-Romanes on individual.
Creation-by-variation, doctrine of.
"Creed of Science," Graham's.
Cresy, E., letters to.
Cretaceous flora, Heer on Arctic.
Crick, W.D., letter to.
Crinum, crossing experiments on.
-C. passiflora, fertility of.
Crocker, W., work on hollyhocks.
Croll, James (1821-90): was born at Little Whitefield, in Perthshire.
After a short time passed in the village school, he was apprenticed as a
wheelwright, but lack of strength compelled him to seek less arduous
employment, and he became agent to an insurance company. In 1859 he was
appointed keeper in the Andersonian University and Museum, Glasgow. His
first contribution to science was published in the "Philosophical Magazine"
for 1861, and this was followed in 1864 by the essay "On the Physical Cause
of the Change of Climate during the Glacial Period." From 1867 to 1881 he
held an appointment in the department of the Geological Survey in
Edinburgh. In 1876 Croll was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His
last work, "The Philosophical Basis of Evolution," was published in the
year of his death. ("Nature," Volume XLIII., page 180, 1891.)
-Darwin on his theory.
-on icebergs as grinding agents.
-letters to.
-Lyell on his theory.
-on sub-aerial denudation.
-on time.
Crookes, Sir W., on spiritualism.
"Cross and Self-fertilisation," Darwin's book on.
Cross-fertilisation, Darwin's experiments on self- and.
-check to endless variability.
-Darwin states that as a rule flowers described as adapted to self-
fertilisation are really adapted to.
-of inconspicuous flowers.
-all plants require occasional.
-small advantages when confined to same plant.
Crosses, fertility and sterility of.
Crossing, agreement between Darwin's and breeders' views.
-counterbalance of.
-Darwin's views on.
-effects of.
-experiments on.
-Hooker's views.
-in animals and plants.
-influence of blood in.
-intermediate character of results.
-Natural Selection and disinclination towards.
-offspring of.
-of primroses and cowslips.
-and sterility.
-Westphalian pig and English boar.
-botanists' work on.
-importance of.
-pains taken by Nature to ensure.
-in Pisum.
-in Primula.
-in individuals of same species.
-F. Muller compliments Darwin on his chapter on.
-and separate sexes in trees.
Crotalaria.
Crotalus.
Cruciferae, action of fungus on roots.
Cruciferous flower, morphology.
Cruger, Dr., on cleistogamic fertilisation of Epidendrum.
-death of.
-on fertilisation of figs.
-on pollinia of Acropera.
-on Melastomaceae.
-on fertilisation of orchids.
Crustacea, comparison of classification of mammals and.
-Darwin on.
-F. Muller on.
-sex in.
Crying, action of children in.
-physiology of.
-wrinkling of eyes in.
Crystal Palace, Darwin's visit to.
Crystals, separation in lava-magmas.
Cucurbita, seeds and seedlings of.
Cucurbitaceae, Dr. Wight on.
Cudham Wood.
Cultivated plants, Darwin's work on.
Cultivation and self-sterility.
Cuming, on Galapagos Islands.
Cupuliferae, A. de Candolle on.
Curculionidae, Schoenherr's catalogue.
Currents, as means of dispersal.
Cuvier, on camels' teeth.
-on classification.
-mentioned.
Cybele, H.C. Watson's.
Cycadaceae, supposed power to withstand excess of CO2.
Cyclas cornea.
Cyclops (H.M.S.) dredging by.
Cynips, dimorphism in.
-Walsh on.
Cypripedium, fertilisation mechanism.
-C. hirsutissimum.
Cyrena, range and variability.
Cytisus Adami, Darwin on.
-note on.
-C. alpinus.
-C. laburnum, graft-hybrids between C. purpureus and.
-J.J. Weir on.
Cyttarogenesis, suggested substitute for pangenesis.
Dallas, W.S., translator of F. Muller's "Fur Darwin."
Dampiera, Hamilton on fertilisation mechanism.
Dana, James Dwight (1813-95): published numerous works on Geology,
Mineralogy, and Zoology. He was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal
Society in 1877, and elected a foreign member in 1884.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-health.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
-on classification of mammalia.
-Darwin's criticism of.
-on Kilauea.
-Lyell on his claims for Royal Society foreign list.
-volume on geology in Wilkes' Reports.
Dareste, C., letter to.
Darwin, Annie: Charles Darwin's daughter.
Darwin, Bernard: Charles Darwin's grandson, observations on, as a child.
Darwin, Caroline (1800-99): Charles Darwin's sister.
-Charles Darwin's early recollections of.
-letter to.
Darwin, Catherine (1810-66): Charles Darwin's sister.
-death.
-letter to.
Darwin, Charles, boyhood.
-went to Mr. Case's school.
-went to Shrewsbury School.
-abused as an atheist.
-Collier's picture of.
-complains of little time for reading.
-contribution to Henslow's biography.
-Copley medal awarded to.
-engagement to Miss Emma Wedgwood.
-Falconer's list of scientific labours of.
-first meeting with Hooker.
-friendship with Huxley.
-on Gray's work on distribution.
-growth of his evolutionary views.
-health.
-honorary degree at Cambridge.
-intimacy with Hooker.
-Judd's recollections of.
-Lamarck and.
-letters to "Nature."
-marriage.
-friendship with F. Muller.
-prefatory note to Meldola's translation of Weismann.
-recollections of Cambridge.
-relation between J. Scott and.
-review on Bates.
-attends meeting of Royal Society.
-slowness in giving up old beliefs.
-tendency to restrict interest to Natural History.
-and the "Vestiges."
-visits London.
-Wallace and.
-and Weismann.
-working hours.
-book on S. American Geology.
-pleasure in angling.
-on making blunders.
-slight knowledge of Botany.
-visits Cambridge.
-love of children.
-on cleavage and foliation.
-on origin of coal.
-his theory of Coral reefs supported by Funafuti boring.
-large correspondence.
-on danger of trusting in science to principle of exclusion.
-death of his child from scarlet fever.
-on difficulty of writing good English.
-feels need of stimulus in work.
-subscribes to Dr. Ferrier's defence.
-on flaws in his reasoning.
-follows golden rule of putting adverse facts in strongest light.
-"Geological Instructions."
-geological work on Lochaber.
-visit to Glen Roy.
-bad handwriting.
-idleness a misery.
-on immortality and death.
-on lavas.
-letter to "Scotsman" on Glen Roy.
-indebtedness to Lyell.
-on Lyell as a geologist.
-on Lyell's "Second Visit to the U.S.A."
-work on Man and Sexual Selection.
-on mountain-chains.
-offer of help to F. Muller.
-never afraid of his facts.
-an honorary member of the Physiological Society.
-pleasure in discussing Geology with Lyell.
-reads paper before Linnean Society.
-A. Rich leaves his fortune to.
-on satisfaction of aiding fellow-workers in Science.
-reminiscences of school-days.
-visits Sedgwick.
-sits to an artist.
-on speculation.
-style in writing.
-gives testimonial in support of Hooker's candidature for Botanical
Chair in Edinburgh.
-theological abuse in the "Three Barriers."
-visits to Abinger.
-visit to Patterdale.
-on vitality of seeds.
-on volcanic phenomena.
-on Welsh glaciers.
-work on action of carbonate of ammonia on plants.
Darwin, Mrs. Charles, impressions of Down.
-letter to.
-passage from Darwin's autobiography on.
-mentioned.
-illness.
Darwin, Emma, see Mrs. Charles Darwin.
Darwin, Erasmus Alvey (1804-81): elder brother of Charles Darwin.
-death of.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
-visit to.
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus: Charles Darwin's grandfather.
-Charles Darwin's preliminary notice to Krause's memoir of.
-Charles Darwin and evolutionary views of.
Darwin, Francis: Charles Darwin's son.
-on bloom and stomata.
-on Dipsacus.
-on Huxley's speech at Cambridge.
-on the Knight-Darwin law.
-on lobing of leaves.
-experiments on nutrition.
-experiments on plant-movements.
-lecture at Glasgow (British Association, 1901) on perceptions of
plants.
-suggestion for Romanes' experiments on intelligence.
-on vivisection.
-on Vochting's work.
-on Wiesner's work.
Darwin, George: Charles Darwin's son.
-success at Cambridge.
-criticism of Wallace.
-elected Plumian Professor at Cambridge.
-suggested experiments with magnetic needles and insects.
-on Galton's work on heredity.
-article in "Contemporary Review" on origin of language.
Darwin, Henrietta (Mrs. Litchfield): Charles Darwin's daughter.
-criticism of Huxley.
Darwin, Horace: Charles Darwin's son.
-remark as a boy on Natural Selection.
-mentioned.
Darwin, Leonard: Charles Darwin's son.
Darwin, Robert W.: Charles Darwin's father.
-letter to.
Darwin, Susan: Charles Darwin's sister.
-alluded to in early recollections of Charles Darwin.
-illness.
-sends Wedgwood ware to Hooker.
Darwin, William Erasmus: Charles Darwin's eldest son.
-on fertilisation of Epipactis palustris.
-letter to.
"Darwin and after Darwin," Romanes'.
"Darwiniana," Asa Gray's.
-extract from Huxley's.
"Darwinsche Theorie," Wagner's book.
"Darwinism," Wallace's.
Darwinismus, at the British Association meeting at Norwich (1868).
Daubeny, Prof. Charles Giles Bridle, F.R.S. (1795-1867): Fellow of
Magdalen College, Oxford; elected Professor of Chemistry in the
University 1822; in 1834 he became Professor of Botany, and in 1840
Professor of Rural Economy.
-invites Darwin to attend British Association at Oxford.
-mentioned.
David, Prof. Edgeworth, and the Funafuti boring.
Dawn of life, oldest fossils do not mark the.
Dawson, Sir J. William, C.M.G., F.R.S. (1820-99), was born at Pictou,
Nova Scotia, and studied at Edinburgh University in 1841-42. He was
appointed Principal of the McGill University, Montreal, in 1855,—a post
which he held thirty-eight years. See "Fifty Years of Work in Canada,
Scientific and Educational," by Sir William Dawson, 1901.
-antagonism to Darwinism.
-criticism of "Origin" by.
-criticism of Hooker's arctic paper.
-Hooker on.
Dayman, Captain, on soundings.
De la Beche, Sir Henry Thomas (1796-1855): was appointed Director of the
Ordnance Geological Survey in 1832; his private undertaking to make a
geological survey of the mining districts of Devon and Cornwall led the
Government to found the National Survey. He was also instrumental in
forming the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street.
Death, Darwin on immortality and.
Decaisne.
Decapods, Zoea stage of.
Dedication of Hackel's "Generelle Morphologie" to Darwin.
Dedoublement, theory of.
Deep-sea soundings, Huxley's work on.
Degeneration, in ammonites.
-of culinary plants.
-and parasitism.
Degradation.
Deification of Natural Selection.
Deinosaurus, and free-will.
Delboeuf's "La Psychologie," etc.
Delpino, F., on Asclepiadeae and Apocyneae.
-on crossing.
-on dichogamy.
-on fertilisation mechanism.
-letter to.
-praises Axell's book.
-mentioned.
Demosthenes, quoted by Darwin.
Denudation, Dana on.
-Darwin on marine.
-comparison of subaerial and marine.
-Ramsay and Jukes overestimate subaerial.
Deodar, Hooker on the.
Deposition and denudation as measure of time.
Derby, Lady, letter to.
Descent, Falconer on intermediate forms.
-from single pair.
-Owen's belief in doctrine of.
-resemblance due to.
Descent of Man.
"Descent of Man," reference in, to effect of climate on species.
-reviewed by John Morley.
-transmission of characters dealt with in.
-Darwin's work on.
-Sir W. Turner supplies facts for.
-Wallace on.
Descent with modification, Wallace on.
Desert animals, and protective colouring.
Design, Darwin on.
-examples of.
-Lord Kelvin on.
Deslongchamps, L., on fertilisation of closed flowers.
Desmodium gyrans, Darwin's experiments on.
-leaf movements.
Development, acceleration and retardation in.
-floral.
-importance of, in classification.
-rate of.
-sudden changes during.
Devonshire Commission, report on physiological investigation at Kew.
Devonshire, flora of.
Dewar, Prof., and Sir Wm. Thiselton-Dyer, on vitality of seeds in liquid
hydrogen.
Diaheliotropism, F. Muller's observations.
Dialogue, title of paper by Asa Gray.
Diatomaceae, beauty of.
-conjugation in.
Dicentra thalictriformis, morphology of tendrils.
Dichaea, fertilisation mechanism.
Dichogamy, Delpino on.
-ignorance of botanists of, prior to publication of "Fertilisation of
Orchids."
Dick, Sir T. Lauder, Survey of Glen Roy by.
Dickens, quotation from.
Dickson, Dr.
Dickson, W.K.
Dicotyledons, Heer on oldest known.
-sudden appearance.
Didelphys.
Digestion, beneficial effect on plants.
Dillwyn, paper in "Gardeners' Chronicle."
Diluvium, tails of.
Dimorphism, in Cynips.
-Darwin on.
-difficult to explain.
-and mimicry.
-in parasitic plants.
-Wallace on.
-Walsh on.
-Weismann on Sexual.
-in Cicadas.
-flowers illustrating.
-Darwin knows no case in very irregular flowers.
-in Melastomaceae.
-in Linum.
-in eight Natural Orders.
-in Primula.
-apparent cases due to mere variability.
-explanation of.
Dingo.
Diodia.
Dioeciousness, origin of.
Dionoea, experiments on.
response to stimuli.
Curtis' observations on.
Dipsacus, F. Darwin on.
Dipterocarpus, survival during glacial period.
Direct action, arguments against.
-Darwin led to believe more in.
-Darwin's desire not to underestimate.
-Darwin's underestimates.
-facts proving.
-Falconer on.
-and hybridity.
-importance of.
-of pollen.
-variation and.
Direction, sense of, in animals.
Disease, Dobell on "Germs and Vestiges" of.
Dispersal, (see also Distribution), of seeds.
-of shells.
Distribution, Forbes on.
-Hooker on Arctic plants.
-of land and sea in former times.
-of plants.
-factors governing.
-of shells.
-Thiselton-Dyer on plant-.
-Wallace on.
-Blytt's work on.
Disuse, Darwin on.
-effect of.
-Owen on.
Divergence, Hooker on.
-principle of.
Diversification, Darwin's doctrine of the good of.
Dobell, H., letter to.
Dogs, descent of.
-experiment in painting.
-expression.
-habits.
-rudimentary tail inherited in certain sheep-.
Dohrn, Dr., visits Darwin.
-serves in Franco-Prussian war.
-extract from letter to.
"Dolomit Riffe," Darwin on Mojsisovics'.
Domestic animals, crossing in.
-Darwin's work on.
-Settegast on.
-variability of.
-treatment in "Variation of Animals and Plants."
Domestication, effects of.
-and loss of sterility.
Domeyko, on Chili.
Dominant forms.
Don, D., on variation.
-mentioned.
Donders, F.C., on action of eyelids.
-letters to.
Dorkings, power of flight.
Down, description of house and country.
-Darwin's satisfaction with his house.
-instances of vitality of seeds recorded from.
-method of determining plants at.
-Darwin on geology of.
-observations on regular lines of flight of bees at.
Down (lanugo), on human body.
Dropmore.
Drosera, F. Darwin's experiments.
-"a disguised animal."
-Darwin's observations on.
-Darwin's pleasure on proving digestion in.
-effect of inorganic substance on.
-experiments on absorption of poison.
-Pfeffer on.
-J. Scott's paper on.
-response to stimuli.
-D. filiformis, experiments on.
-D. rotundifolia, experiments on.
Drosophyllum, vernation of.
-Darwin's work on.
-Drosophyllum lusitanicum, sent by Tait to Darwin.
-used in Portugal to hang up as fly-paper.
Druidical mounds, seeds from.
Drummond, J., on fertilisation in Leschenaultia formosa.
Duchesne, on atavism.
Ducks, period of hatching.
-skeletons.
-hybrids between fowls and.
Dufrenoy, Pierre Armand: published "Memoires pour servir a une
Description Geologique de la France," as well as numerous papers in the
"Annales des Mines, Comptes Rendus, Bulletin Soc. Geol. France," and
elsewhere on mineralogical and geological subjects.
-geological work of.
Duncan, Rev. J., encourages J. Scott's love for plants.
Dung, plants germinated from locust-.
Dutrochet, on climbing plants.
Duval-Jouve, on leaf-movement in Bryophyllum.
Dyer, see Thiselton-Dyer.
Dytiscus, as means of dispersal of bivalves.
Ears, loss of voluntary movement.
-in man and monkeys.
-rudimentary muscles.
-Wallis's work on.
Earth, age of the.
Earth-movements, cause of.
-in England.
-relation to sedimentation.
-subordinate part played by heat in.
Earthquakes, coincidence of shocks in S. America and elsewhere.
-connection with elevation.
-connection with state of weather.
-Darwin on.
-in England.
-frequency of.
-Hopkins on.
-in Scotland.
Earthworms, Darwin's book on.
-geological action of.
-influence of sea-water on.
-F. Muller gives Darwin facts on.
-Typhlops and true.
Echidna, anomalous character of.
Edentata, migration into N. America.
Edgeworth, mentioned.
Edinburgh, Darwin's student-days in.
-Hooker's candidature for Chair of Botany.
"Edinburgh Review," article on Lyell's "Antiquity of Man."
-reference to Huxley's Royal Institution Lectures.
-Owen's article.
Education, effect of.
-influence on children of parents'.
Edwardsia, seeds possibly floated from Chili to New Zealand.
-in Sandwich Is. and India.
Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey- (1806-81): devoted himself to the
study of fossil fishes, and published several memoirs on his collection,
which was acquired by the British Museum.
Eggs, creation of species as.
-means of dispersal of molluscan.
Ehrenberg, Ascension I. plants sent to.
-on rock-building by infusoria.
-Darwin's wish that he should examine underclays.
Eichler, A.W., on morphology of cruciferous flower.
-on course of vessels as guide to floral morphology.
-reference to his Bluthendiagramme.
Eildon Hills, need of examination of.
Elateridae, luminous thorax of.
Elective affinity.
Electric organs of fishes, the result of external conditions.
Electricity, and plant-movements.
"Elements of Geology," Wallace's review of Lyell's.
Elephants, Falconer's work on.
-rate of increase of.
-and variation.
-found in gravel at Down.
-manner of carrying tail.
-shedding tears.
Elephas Columbi, Falconer on.
-Owen's conduct in regard to Falconer's work on.
-E. primigenius, as index of climate.
-woolly covering of.
-E. texianus, Owen and nomenclature of.
Elevation, in Chili.
-lines of.
-New Zealand and.
-continental extension, subsidence and.
-connection with earthquakes.
-equable nature of movements of subsidence and.
-evidence in Scandinavia and Pampas of equable.
-Hopkins on.
-large areas simultaneously affected by.
-d'Orbigny on sudden.
-rate of.
-Rogers on parallelism of cleavage and axes of.
-sedimentary deposits exceptionally preserved during.
-subsidence and.
-vulcanicity and.
Elodea canadensis, successful American immigrant.
Emberiza longicauda, long tail-feathers and Sexual Selection.
Embryology, argument for.
-succession of changes in animal-.
-Darwin's explanation of.
-of flowers.
-of Peneus.
-Balfour's work on comparative.
Embryonic stages, obliteration of.
Endlicher's "Genera Plantarum."
Engelmann, on variability of introduced plants in N. America.
England, former union with Continent.
-men of science of Continent and.
Entada scandens, dispersal of seeds.
Entomologists, evolutionary views of.
"Entstehung und Begriff der naturhistorischen Art," Nageli's Essay.
-Darwin on.
Environment, and colour protection.
Eocene, Anoplotherium in S. America.
-monkeys.
-mammals.
-co-existence with recent shells.
Eozoon, illustrating difficulty of distinguishing organic and inorganic
bodies.
Ephemera dimidiatum, Lord Avebury on.
Epidendreae, closely related to Malaxeae.
Epidendrum, Cruger on fertilisation of.
-self-fertilisation of.
Epiontology, De Candolle's term.
Epipactis, fertilisation mechanism.
-F. Muller on.
-pollinia of.
-E. palustris, fertilisation mechanism.
Epithecia, fertilisation mechanism.
Equatorial refrigeration.
Equus, Marsh's work on.
-geographical distribution.
-in N. and S. America.
Erica tetralix, Darwin on.
Erigeron canadense, successful immigrant from America.
Erodium cicutarium, introduced from Spain to America.
-range in U.S.A.
Erratic blocks, in Azores.
-in S. America.
-Darwin on transport.
-of Jura.
-Mackintosh on.
-on Moel Tryfan.
Errera, Prof. L., letter to.
-and S. Gevaert, on cross and self-fertilisation.
Eruptions, parallelism of lines of, with coast-lines.
Eryngium maritimum, bloom on.
Erythrina, MacArthur on.
-of New S. Wales.
-sleep movements of.
Erythroxylon, dimorphism of sub-genus of.
Eschscholtzia, crossing and self-fertility.
-Darwin's experiments on self-sterility.
-F. Muller's experiments in crossing.
Eschricht, on lanugo on human embryo.
Escombe, F., on vitality of seeds.
-see Brown, H.T.
Esquimaux, Natural Selection and.
"Essays and Reviews," attitude of laymen towards.
Eternity, Gapitche on.
Etheridge, Robert, F.R.S.: President of Geological Society in 1880-81.
Etna, Sir Charles Lyell's work on.
-map of.
Eucalyptus, species setting seed.
-mentioned.
Euonymus europaeus, dispersal of seeds.
Euphorbia, Darwin on roots of.
-E. peplis, bloom on.
Euphrasia, parasitism of.
Europe, movement of.
Eurybia argophylla, musk-tree of Tasmania, an arborescent Composite.
Evergreen vegetation, connection with humid and equable climate.
Evolution, Darwin's early views.
-Fossil Cephalopods used by Hyatt as test of.
-Huxley's lectures on.
-of mental traits.
-F. Muller's contributions to.
-Nageli's Essay, "Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art."
-Palaeontology as illustrating.
-Romanes' lecture on.
-Saporta's belief in.
-unknown law of.
-of Angiosperms.
-of colour.
-and death.
-Heer opposed to.
-of language.
-Lyell's views (see also Lyell).
-Turner on man and.
-Wallace on.
Ewart, Prof. C., on Telegony.
Exacum, dimorphism of.
Experiments, botanical.
-Tegetmeier's on pigeons.
-time expended on.
Expression, queries on.
-Bell on anatomy of.
-Darwin at work on.
"Expression of the Emotions," Wallace's review.
External conditions, Natural Selection and.
-See also Direct Action.
Extinction, behaviour of species verging towards.
-contingencies concerned in.
-Hooker on.
-races of man and.
-Proboscidea verging towards.
-St. Helena and examples of.
Eyebrows, use of.
Eyes, behaviour during meditation.
-contraction in blind people of muscles of.
-children's habit of rubbing with knuckles.
-gorged with blood during screaming.
-contraction of iris.
-wrinkling of children's.
Fabre, J.H.: is best known for his "Souvenirs Entomologiques," in No.
VI. of which he gives a wonderfully vivid account of his hardy and
primitive life as a boy, and of his early struggles after a life of
culture.
-letters to.
"Facts and Arguments for Darwin," translation of F. Muller's "Fur
Darwin."
-delay in publication.
-sale.
-unfavourable review in "Athenaeum."
Fairy rings, Darwin compares with fungoid diseases in man and animals.
Falconer, Hugh (1809-65): was a student at the Universities of Aberdeen and
Edinburgh, and went out to India in 1830 as Assistant-Surgeon on the Bengal
Establishment. In 1832 he succeeded Dr. Royle as the Superintendent of the
Botanic Gardens at Saharunpur; and in 1848, after spending some years in
England, he was appointed Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden
and Professor of Botany in the Medical College. Although Falconer held an
important botanical post for many years, he is chiefly known as a
Palaeozoologist. He seems, however, to have had a share in introducing
Cinchona into India. His discovery, in company with Colonel Sir Proby T.
Cautley, of Miocene Mammalia in the Siwalik Hills, was at the time perhaps
the greatest "find" which had been made. The fossils of the Siwalik Hills
formed the subject of Falconer's most important book, "Fauna Antiqua
Sivalensis," which, however, remained unfinished at the time of his death.
Falconer also devoted himself to the investigation of the cave-fauna of
England, and contributed important papers on fossils found in Sicily,
Malta, and elsewhere. Dr. Falconer was a Vice-President of the Royal
Society and Foreign Secretary of the Geological Society. "Falconer did
enough during his lifetime to render his name as a palaeontologist immortal
in science; but the work which he published was only a fraction of what he
accomplished...He was cautious to a fault; he always feared to commit
himself to an opinion until he was sure he was right, and he died in the
prime of his life and in the fulness of his power." (Biographical sketch
contributed by Charles Murchison to his edition of Hugh Falconer's
"Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes," London, 1868; "Proc. R. Soc." Volume
XV., page xiv., 1867: "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., page xlv,
1865.) Hugh Falconer was among those who did not fully accept the views
expressed in the "Origin of Species," but he could differ from Darwin
without any bitterness. Two years before the book was published, Darwin
wrote to Asa Gray: "The last time I saw my dear old friend Falconer he
attacked me most vigorously, but quite kindly, and told me, 'You will do
more harm than any ten naturalists will do good. I can see that you have
already corrupted and half spoiled Hooker.'" ("Life and Letters," II.,
page 121.) The affectionate regard which Darwin felt for Falconer was
shared by their common friend Hooker. The following extract of a letter
from Hooker to Darwin (February 3rd, 1865) shows clearly the strong
friendships which Falconer inspired: "Poor old Falconer! how my mind runs
back to those happiest of all our days that I used to spend at Down twenty
years ago—when I left your home with my heart in my mouth like a
schoolboy. We last heard he was ill on Wednesday or Thursday, and sent
daily to enquire, but the report was so good on Saturday that we sent no
more, and on Monday night he died...What a mountainous mass of admirable
and accurate information dies with our dear old friend! I shall miss him
greatly, not only personally, but as a scientific man of unflinching and
uncompromising integrity—and of great weight in Murchisonian and other
counsels where ballast is sadly needed."
-article in "Natural History Review."
-Darwin's Copley medal and.
-Darwin's criticism of his elephant work.
-Darwin's regard for.
-Forbes attacked by.
-his opinion of Forbes.
-goes to India.
-Hooker's regard for.
-letter to Darwin.
-letter to Sharpey.
-letters to.
-letter to "Athenaeum."
-Lyell and.
-on Mastodon andium.
-on Mastodon of Australia.
-on elephants.
-Owen and.
-on phyllotaxis.
-on Plagiaulax.
-speech at Cambridge.
-"Memoirs."
Falkland Islands, Darwin visits.
-Polyborus sp. in.
-brightly coloured female hawk.
-effect of subsidence.
-streams of stones.
Fanciers, use made of Selection by.
Fantails, see Pigeons.
Faraday, memorial to.
Faramea, dimorphism.
Farmer, Prof. J.B., and S.E. Chandler, on influence of excess of CO2 on
anatomy of plants.
Faroe Islands, Polygala vulgaris of.
Farrer, Canon, lecture on defects in Public School Education.
-letter to.
Farrer, Lady.
Farrer, Thomas Henry, Lord (1819-99): was educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford. He was called to the Bar, but gave up practice for the
public service, where he became Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade.
According to the "Times," October 13th, 1899, "for nearly forty years he
was synonymous with the Board in the opinion of all who were brought into
close relation with it." He was made a baronet in 1883; he retired from
his post a few years later, and was raised to the peerage in 1893. His
friendship with Mr. Darwin was of many years' standing, and opportunities
of meeting were more frequent in the last ten years of Mr. Darwin's life,
owing to Lord Farrer's marriage with Miss Wedgwood, a niece of Mrs.
Darwin's, and the subsequent marriage of his son Horace with Miss Farrer.
His keen love of science is attested by the letters given in the present
volume. He published several excellent papers on the fertilisation of
flowers in the "Ann. and Mag. of Natural History," and in "Nature," between
1868 and 1874.
In Politics he was a Radical—a strong supporter of free trade: on this
last subject, as well as on bimetallism, he was frequently engaged in
public controversy. He loyally carried out many changes in the legislature
which, as an individualist, he would in his private capacity have
strenuously opposed.
In the "Speaker," October 21st, 1899, Lord Welby heads his article on Lord
Farrer with a few words of personal appreciation:—
"In Lord Farrer has passed away a most interesting personality. A great
civil servant; in his later years a public man of courage and lofty ideal;
in private life a staunch friend, abounding as a companion in humour and
ripe knowledge. Age had not dimmed the geniality of his disposition, or an
intellect lively and eager as that of a boy—lovable above all in the
transparent simplicity of his character."
-interest in Torbitt's potato experiment.
-letters to.
-on earthworms.
-observations on fertilisation of Passiflora.
-recollections of Darwin.
-seeds sent to.
Fawcett, Henry (1833-84): Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge,
1863, Postmaster-General 1880-84. See Leslie Stephen's well-known "Life."
-defends Darwin's arguments.
-letter to.
-letter to Darwin.
Fear, expression of.
Felis, range.
Fellowships, discussion on abolition of Prize-.
Felspar, segregation of.
Females, modification for protection.
"Fenland, Past and Present," by Miller and Skertchley.
Fergusson on Darwinism.
Fernando Po, plants of.
Ferns, Scott on spores.
-Darwin's ignorance of.
-variability "passes all bounds."
Ferrier, Dr., groundless charge brought against, for infringement of
Vivisection Act.
Fertilisation, articles in "Gardeners' Chronicle."
-of flowers.
-H. Muller's work on.
-and sterility.
-Darwin fascinated by study of.
-different mechanisms in same genus.
-travelling of reproductive cells in.
Fertilisation of orchids, Darwin's work on.
-paper by Darwin in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on.
"Fertilisation of Orchids," Asa Gray's review.
-Hooker's review.
-description of Acropera and Catasetum in.
-H. Muller's "Befruchtung der Blumen," the outcome of Darwin's.
Fertility, Natural Selection and.
-and sterility.
-Primula.
-Scott on varieties and relative.
Festuca.
Figs, F. Muller on fertilisation of.
Finmark, Bravais on sea-beaches of.
Fir (Silver), Witches' brooms of.
"First Principles," Spencer's.
Fish, Pictet and Humbert on fossil.
Fiske, J., letter to.
Fissure-eruptions.
Fitton, reference to his work.
FitzRoy (Fitz-Roy), Captain, and the "Beagle" voyage.
-writes preface to account of the voyage.
-Darwin nearly rejected by.
-letter to "Times."
Flagellaria, as a climber.
Flahault, on the peg in Cucurbita.
Fleeming Jenkin, review of "Origin" by, see Jenkin.
Flinders, M., voyage to Terra Australis by.
Flint implements found near Bedford.
Flints, abundance and derivation of, at Down.
-Darwin on their upright position in gravel.
Floating ice, Darwin on agency of.
-J. Geikie underestimates its importance.
-transporting power of.
Flora, Darwin's idea of an Utopian.
-Hooker's scheme for a.
-Hooker's work on Tasmanian.
"Flora antarctica," Hooker's.
"Flora fossilis arctica," Heer's.
Floras:
N. American.
Arctic.
British.
Colonial.
European.
French.
Greenland.
Holland.
India.
Japan.
New Zealand.
-distribution of.
-of islands.
-local.
-tabulation of.
Florida, A. Agassiz on Coral reefs.
-Coral reefs.
Flourens, experiments on pigeons.
Flower, Sir William H., Letter to.
-on muscles of the os coccyx.
Flowering plants, possible origin on a Southern Continent.
-sudden appearance of.
Flowers, at Down.
-Darwin's work on forms of.
-monstrous.
-morphological characters.
-regular and irregular.
-cross-fertilisation in inconspicuous.
-ignorance of botanists on mechanism of.
"Flowers and their unbidden Guests," Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's
"Schutzmittel des Pollens."
Flying machine, Darwin on Popper's proposed.
Folding of strata.
Foliation and cleavage, reference by A. Harker to work on.
Foliation, aqueous deposition and.
-Darwin considers his observations on cleavage less deserving of
confidence than those on.
-Darwin on.
-parallelism with cleavage.
-relation to rock-curvature.
Food, as determining number of species.
Foraminifera.
Forbes, D., on the Cordilleras.
-on elevation in Chili.
-on nitrate of soda beds in S. America.
Forbes, Edward, F.R.S. (1815-1854): filled the office of Palaeontologist to
the Ordnance Geological Survey, and afterwards became President of the
Geological Society; in 1854—the last year of his life—he was appointed to
the chair of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Forbes
published many papers on geological, zoological, and botanical subjects,
one of his most remarkable contributions being the well-known essay "On the
Connexion between the Distribution of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the
British Isles and the Geological Changes which have affected their area"
("Mem. Geol. Surv." Volume I., page 336, 1846). (See "Proc. Roy. Soc."
Volume VII., page 263, 1856; "Quart. Journl. Geol. Soc." Volume XI., page
xxvii, 1855, and "Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV., 1855.
-on flora of Azores.
-on Chambers as author of the "Vestiges."
-on continental extension.
-Darwin opposed to his views on continental extension.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-Article on distribution.
-on continuity of land.
-on plant-distribution.
-introductory lecture as professor in Edinburgh.
-on former lower extension of glaciers in Cordillera.
-lecture by.
-letter to Darwin from.
-on Madagascar insects.
-on post-Miocene land.
-Polarity theory.
-on British shells.
-too speculative.
-on subsidence.
-visits Down.
-mentioned.
-royal medal awarded to.
-essay on connection between distribution of existing fauna and flora of
the British Isles and geological changes.
Forbes, H.O., on Melastoma.
Force and Matter, Huxley on.
Forel, Auguste: the distinguished author of "Les Fourmis de la Suisse,"
Zurich, 1874, and of a long series of well-known papers.
-on ants and beetles.
-author of "Les Fourmis de la Suisse."
-letter to.
Forfarshire, Lyell on glaciers of.
"Forms of Flowers," De Candolle's criticism of Darwin's.
homomorphic and heteromorphic unions described in.
Forsyth-Major, zoological expedition to Madagascar.
"Fortnightly Review," Huxley's article on Positivism.
Romanes on Evolution.
Fossil Cephalopods, Hyatt on.
Fossil corals.
Fossil plants, small proportion of.
of Australia.
sudden appearance of Angiosperms indicated by.
Fossil seeds, supposed vivification of.
Fossils as evidence of variability.
Fournier, E., De la Fecundation dans les Phanerogames.
Fowls, difference in sexes.
-purred female.
Fox, tails of, used by Esquimaux as respirators.
Fox, Rev. W. Darwin.
Foxglove, use of hairs in flower.
France, edition of "Origin" in.
-opinion favourable to Darwin's views in.
-birth-rate.
Franco-Prussian war, opinion in England.
-Science retarded by.
Frank, Albert Bernhard (1839-1900): began his botanical career as
Curator of the University Herbarium, Leipzig, where he afterwards became
Privatdocent and finally "Ausserordentlicher Professor." In 1881 Frank
was appointed Professor of Plant-Physiology in the Landwirthschaftliche
Hochschule, Berlin. In 1899 he was appointed to the Imperial
Gesundheits-Amt in Berlin, and raised to the rank of Regierungsrath.
Frank is chiefly known for his work on "The Assimilation of Free
Nitrogen, etc.," and for his work on "The Diseases of Plants" ("Die
Krankheiten der Pflanzen," 1880). It was his brilliant researches on
growth-curvature ("Beitrage zur Pflanzen-physiologie," 1868, and "Die
Naturlichen wagerechte Richtung von Pflanzen-theilen," 1870) which
excited Darwin's admiration.
-Darwin's admiration for his work.
Franklin, Sir J., search expedition.
Fraser, G., letter to.
"Fraser's Magazine," article by Hopkins.
-article by Galton on twins.
-Huxley on review in.
Freemasons' Tavern, meeting held at.
Freewill, a preordained necessity.
Freke, Dr., paper by.
Freshwater, Bee-orchis at.
Freshwater fauna, ocean faunas compared with.
-poverty of.
-preservation of.
Friendly Islands, rats regarded as game.
Fringillidae, colour and sexual selection.
Frogs, article on spawn of.
-F. Muller on.
-salt water and spawn of.
-frozen in glaciers.
Fruits, bright colours of.
Fucus, variation in.
Fuegia, plants of, (see also Tierra del Fuego).
Fumaria (Corydalis) claviculata, Mohl on tendrils.
Fumariaceae, cross- and self-fertilisation.
-morphology of tendrils.
Funafuti, Darwin's theory supported by results of boring in coral island
of.
Fungoid diseases, Darwin on.
Fungus, effect on roots and shoots.
"Fur Darwin," F. Muller's (see "Facts and Arguments for Darwin).
-Darwin quotes.
-Hooker's opinion of.
-publication of.
Furze, seeds and seedlings.
Galapagos Islands, visited during the "Beagle" voyage.
-birds of.
-character of species of, the beginning of Darwin's evolutionary views.
-distribution of animals.
-distribution of plants.
-flora of.
-Hooker on plants of.
-insects.
-craters.
-fissure eruptions in.
-restricted fauna.
-Sandwich Islands and.
-subsidence in the.
Galashiels, terraces near.
Galaxias, distribution of.
Gallinaceae, Blyth on.
-colour of.
Galls, artificial production of.
-Cynips and.
-hybrids and.
-Walsh on willow-.
Gallus bankiva, colour of wings.
-colour and environment.
-wings of.
Galton, F., experiments on transfusion of blood.
-letters to.
-letter to Darwin from.
-on twins.
-on variation.
-on heredity.
-on human faculty and its development.
-on prayer.
-proposal to issue health certificates for marriage.
Game-cock and Sexual Selection.
Gamlingay, lilies-of-the-valley at.
Ganoid fishes, preservation in fresh water.
Gapitche, A., letter to.
"Gardeners' Chronicle," Darwin's article on fertilisation.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-Darwin's experiment on immersion of seeds in salt water.
-article on Orchids.
-Harvey on Darwin.
-Rivers' articles.
-Wallace on nests.
-Darwin's index.
Gardner, G., "Travels in the Interior of Brazil."
Gartner, on Aquilegia.
-experiments on crossing and variation.
-on Primula.
-on Verbascum.
-Darwin's high opinion of his "Bastarderzeugung."
-Beaton's criticism of.
-on self-fertilisation in flowers.
-mentioned.
Gaskell, G.A., Letter to.
Gatke, on "Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory."
Gaudry, Albert: Professor of Palaeontology in the Natural History
Museum, Paris, Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, author of
"Animaux Foss. et Geol. de l'Attique."
-letter to.
-on Pikermi fossils.
Gay, on lizards.
Gazania.
Gegenbauer, Karl: Professor of Anatomy at Heidelberg.
-as convert to Darwinism.
-views on regeneration.
Geikie, Sir A., on age of the Earth.
-edition of "Hutton's Theory of the Earth."
-memoir of Sir A.C. Ramsay.
Geikie, Prof. J., "Ice Age."
-on intercrossing of erratics.
-Letters to.
-"Prehistoric Europe."
-Presidential address, Edinburgh British Association meeting.
Geitonogamy, Kerner suggests term.
Gemmation and dimorphism.
Gemmules, in reproductive organs.
-and bud-variation.
Genealogy and classification.
Genera, aberrant.
-range of large and small.
-variation of.
-Wallace on origin of.
"Genera Plantarum," work on the.
Generalisations, evil of.
-easier than careful observation.
-importance.
"Generelle Morphologie," Darwin on Hackel's.
"Genesis of Species," Mivart's
Geographical distribution, L. Agassiz on.
-Darwin on.
-Darwin's high opinion of value of.
-Darwin's interest in.
-E. Forbes on.
-Huxley on birds and.
-proposed work by Hooker on.
-relation of genera an important element in.
-Humboldt the founder of.
"Geographical Distribution of Animals," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.
"Geographical Distribution of Mammals," A. Murray's.
Geographical regions, Darwin on.
Geological Committee on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
"Geological Gossip," Ansted's.
"Geological Instructions," Darwin's manual of.
"Geological Observations in S. America," Darwin's.
-Darwin on his.
Geological record, imperfection of the.
-Morse on the.
Geological Society, award of medal to Darwin.
-Darwin signs Hooker's certificate.
-museum of.
-Darwin attends Council meeting.
Geological Survey, foundation of.
-investigation of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
Geological Time, article in "N. British Review."
Geologist, Darwin as.
Geologists, evolutionary views of.
Geology, arguments in favour of evolution from.
-chapter in "Origin" on.
-practical teaching of.
-English work in.
-Hooker talks of giving up.
-Lyellian school.
-progress of.
Geotropism, Darwin on.
German, Darwin's slight knowledge of.
Germany, converts to evolution in.
-opinion on the "Origin" in.
-Englishmen rejoice over victory of.
Germination of seeds, Darwin's experiments on effect of salt water.
"Germs and Vestiges of Disease," Dobell's.
Gesneria, Darwin on dimorphism of.
Gestation of hounds.
Gibraltar, elevation and subsidence of.
Gilbert, Sir J.H.: of Rothamsted.
-letter to.
-on nitrogen in worms' casting.
-and Sir J. Lawes, Rothamsted experiments.
Glacial period, absence of phanerogams near polar regions in N. America
during.
-Bates on.
-climatic changes since.
-conditions during.
-continental changes since.
-Darwin's views on geographical changes as cause of.
-destruction of organisms during.
-destruction of Spanish plants in Ireland.
-distribution of organisms affected by.
-duration of.
-effect on animals and plants.
-and elephants.
-S.E. England dry land during.
-Greenland depopulated during.
-introduction of Old World forms into New World subsequent to.
-migration during.
-mundane character of.
-subsidence of Alps during.
-Croll on.
-existence of Alpine plants before.
-Hooker on.
-Glen Roy and.
-Lyell on.
-extinction of mammals during.
-Wallace on.
-movement of Europe since and during.
Glaciers, Agassiz on.
-Lyell on.
-Tyndall's book on.
-as agents in the formation of lakes.
-Darwin on structure of.
-Hooker on Yorkshire.
-Moseley on motion of.
-physics of.
-Parallel Roads of Glen Roy formed by.
-rock-cavities formed by cascades in.
-in S. America.
-in Wales.
Gladstone, Herbert Spencer on criticisms by.
Glass, Dr., on grafting sugar-canes.
Glen Collarig, absence of terminal moraines.
-terraces in.
Glen Glaster, absence of terminal moraines.
-barriers of detritus.
-Milne on.
-shelves of.
Glen Gluoy, shelves of.
Glen Roy, Parallel Roads of.
-L. Agassiz on.
-Darwin on.
-Darwin's mistake over.
-Darwin on ice-lake theory of Agassiz and Buckland.
-glacier theory of.
-history of work on.
-Hooker on.
-marine theory of.
-Milne-Home's paper on.
-investigated by Geological Survey.
-coincidence of shelves with watersheds.
-measurement of terraces.
Glen Spean.
Glen Turret, MacCulloch on.
Gloriosa, Darwin's experiments on leaf-tendrils.
Glossotherium Listai.
Gloxinia, peloric forms of.
Gnaphalium.
Gneiss, Darwin on.
God, Darwin on existence of personal.
Godron, on Aegilops.
Godron's "Flora of France."
Goethe, Darwin's reference to.
-Owen on.
Goldfinch, difference in beaks of male and female.
Gongora, and Acropera.
-Darwin on.
-G. fusca (see Acropera luteola).
-G. galeata (see A. Loddigesii).
Gondwana Land.
Goodenia, Hamilton on fertilisation of.
Goodeniaceae.
Gordon, General, Huxley on Darwin and.
Gosse, E., "Life of P.H. Gosse" by.
Gosse, Philip Henry (1810-88): was an example of that almost extinct type—
a naturalist with a wide knowledge gained at first hand from nature as a
whole. This width of culture was combined with a severe and narrow
religious creed, and though, as Edmund Gosse points out, there was in his
father's case no reconcilement of science and religion, since his
"impressions of nature" had to give way absolutely to his "convictions of
religion," yet he was not debarred by his views from a friendly intercourse
with Darwin. He did much to spread a love of Natural History, more
especially by his seaside books, and by his introduction of the aquarium—
the popularity of which (as Mr. Edmund Gosse shows) is reflected in the
pages of "Punch," especially in John Leech's illustrations. Kingsley said
of him (quoted by Edmund Gosse, page 344) "Since White's "History of
Selborne" few or no writers on Natural History, save Mr. Gosse and poor Mr.
Edward Forbes, have had the power of bringing out the human side of
science, and giving to seemingly dry disquisitions...that living and
personal interest, to bestow which is generally the special function of the
poet." Among his books are the "Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," 1851; "A
Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast," 1853; "Omphalos," 1857; "A
Year at the Shore," 1865. He was also author of a long series of papers in
scientific journals.
-letter to.
Gould, on sex in nightingales.
Gower Street, Darwin's house in.
Gradation in plants.
Graft-hybrids, experiments on.
-of Cytisus.
-Hildebrand on.
-of potatoes.
-of sugar-canes.
Grafting, Darwin on.
-difficulty of.
-in hyacinth bulbs.
Graham's "Creed of Science."
Gramineae, Darwin on crossing.
Granite, explanation of association with basalt.
Grasses, range of genera.
-cleistogamous.
-fertilisation of.
-F. Muller on Brazilian.
Gratiolet, on behaviour of eyes in rage.
Gravity, comparison between variation and laws of.
Gray, Asa (1810-88): was born in the township of Paris, Oneida Co., New
York. He became interested in science when a student at the Fairfield
Academy; he took his doctor's degree in 1831, but instead of pursuing
medical work he accepted the post of Instructor in Chemistry, Mineralogy,
and Botany in the High School of Utica. Gray afterwards became assistant
to Professor Torrey in the New York Medical School, and in 1835 he was
appointed Curator and Librarian of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.
From 1842 to 1872 he occupied the Chair of Natural History in Harvard
College, and the post of Director of the Cambridge Botanical Gardens; from
1872 till the time of his death he was relieved of the duties of teaching
and of the active direction of the Gardens, but retained the Herbarium.
Professor Gray was a Foreign Member of the Linnean and of the Royal
Societies. The "Flora of North America" (of which the first parts appeared
in 1838), "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, the Botany
of Commodore Wilkes' South Pacific Exploring Expedition" are among the most
important of Gray's systematic memoirs; in addition to these he wrote
several botanical text-books and a great number of papers of first-class
importance. In an obituary notice written by Sir Joseph Hooker, Asa Gray
is described as "one of the first to accept and defend the doctrine of
Natural Selection..., so that Darwin, whilst fully recognising the
different standpoints from which he and Gray took their departures, and
their divergence of opinion on important points, nevertheless regarded him
as the naturalist who had most thoroughly gauged the "Origin of Species,"
and as a tower of strength to himself and his cause" ("Proc. R. Soc."
Volume XLVI., page xv, 1890: "Letters of Asa Gray," edited by Jane Loring
Gray, 2 volumes, Boston, U.S., 1893).
-articles by.
-as advocate of Darwin's views.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-on Hooker's Antarctic paper.
-on large genera varying.
-letters to Darwin from.
-letters to.
-on Darwin's views.
-plants of the Northern States.
-on variation.
-book for children by.
-on crossing.
-visits Down.
-on dimorphism.
-on Agassiz.
-extract from letter to G.F. Wright from.
-on fertilisation of Cypripedium.
-on Gymnadenia tridentata.
-on Habenaria.
-on Passiflora.
-on relative ranges of U. States and European species.
-on Sarracenia.
-mentioned.
Gray, Mrs.
Gray, Dr. John Edward, F.R.S. (1800-75): became an assistant to the
Natural History Department of the British Museum in 1824, and was
appointed Keeper in 1840. Dr. Gray published a great mass of zoological
work, and devoted himself "with unflagging energy to the development of
the collections under his charge." ("Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV.,
page 281, 1875.)
-and British Museum.
Greatest Happiness principle.
Grebes, as seed-eaters.
Greenland, absence of Arctic Leguminosae.
-connection with Norway.
-flora of.
-introduction of plants by currents.
-as line of communication of alpine plants.
-migration of European birds to.
Greg, W.R.: Author of "The Enigmas of Life," 1872.
-Darwin on his "Enigmas of Life."
-letter to.
Grey, Sir G., on Australian Savages.
Grinnell expedition, reference to the second.
Grisebach, A.
Grisebach, A.W.
Grossulariaceae.
Grouse, Natural Selection and colours of.
-Owen describes as distinct creation.
Grypotherium Darwini.
-G. domesticum.
Guiana, Bates on.
Gulf-weed, Darwin on.
Gully Dr.
Gunther, Dr., visit to Down.
Gurney, E., articles in "Fortnightly" and "Cornhill."
-"Power of Sound."
Gymnadenia, course of vessels in flower of.
-Asa Gray on.
-penetration by pollen of rostellum.
Gynodioecism in Plantago.
Haast, Sir Julius von, (1824-87): published several papers on the
Geology of New Zealand, with special reference to glacial phenomena.
("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., pages 130, 133, 1865; Volume
XXIII., page 342, 1867.)
-on glacial deposits.
Habenaria, Azorean species (see also Peristylus viridis).
-course of vessels in flower.
-Lord Farrer on.
-morphology of flower.
-H. bifolia, flowers.
-a subspecies of H. chlorantha.
-H. chlorantha, considered by Bentham a var. of H. bifolia.
-structure of ovary.
Hackel, E., convert to Darwin's views.
-"Generelle Morphologie."
-Die Kalkschwamme.
-"Freedom in Science and Teaching."
-letters to.
-on pangenesis.
-proposed translation of his book.
-on reviews of "Origin" in Germany.
-on sponges.
-substitutes a molecular hypothesis for pangenesis.
-visits Down.
-on absence of colour-protection in lower animals.
-on change of species.
-on Linope.
-on medusae.
Haematoxylon, bloom-experiments on.
-sleep-movements.
Halictus, Fabre's paper on.
Halimeda, Darwin's description of.
Halleria, woody nature of.
Hallett, on varieties of wheat.
Hamilton, on fertilisation of Dampiera.
Hamilton, Sir W., on Law of Parsimony.
Hancock, Albany (1806-73): author of many zoological and palaeontological
papers. His best-known work, written in conjunction with Joshua Alder, and
published by the Ray Society is on the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
The Royal Medal was awarded to him in 1858.
-on British shells.
-and Royal medal.
Hanley, Dr., Darwin's visit to.
Harker, A., note on Darwin's work on cleavage and foliation.
Hartman, Dr., on Cicada septendecim.
"Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders," Moggridge's.
Harvey, William Henry (1811-66): was the author of several botanical
works, principally on Algae; he held the botanical Professorship at
Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1857 succeeded Professor Allman in the
Chair of Botany in Dublin University. (See "Life and Letters," II.,
pages 274-75.)
-criticism of "Origin."
-Darwin's opinion of his book.
-letter to.
-mentioned.
-on variation in Fucus.
Haughton, Samuel (1821-97): author of "Animal Mechanics, a Manual of
Geology," and numerous papers on Physics, Mathematics, Geology, etc. In
November 1862 Darwin wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "Do you know whether
there are two Rev. Prof. Haughtons at Dublin? One of this name has made
a splendid medical discovery of nicotine counteracting strychnine and
tetanus? Can it be my dear friend? If so, he is at full liberty for
the future to sneer {at} and abuse me to his heart's content."
Unfortunately, Prof. Haughtons' discovery has not proved of more
permanent value than his criticism on the "Origin of Species."
-on Bees' cells.
-on depth of ocean.
-review by.
-mentioned.
Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand's Flora.
-plants.
Hawks and owls as agents in seed-dispersal.
-bright colours in female.
Head, expression in movement of.
Hearne, on black bear.
Heat, action on rocks.
Heathcote, Miss.
Heaths, as examples of boreal plants in Azores.
-and climate.
Heberden, Dr., mentioned.
Hector.
Hedgehog, movements of spines.
Hedychium, Darwin's prediction as to fertilisation of.
-paraheliotropism.
Hedyotis, dimorphism of.
Hedysarum, Darwin's experiments on (see Desmodium gyrans).
Heer, Oswald (1809-83): was born at Niederutzwyl, in the Canton of St.
Gall, Switzerland, and for many years (1855-82) occupied the chair of
Botany in the University of Zurich. While eminent as an entomologist Heer
is chiefly known as a writer on Fossil Plants. He began to write on
palaeobotanical subjects in 1841; among his most important publications,
apart from the numerous papers contributed to scientific societies, the
following may be mentioned: "Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae," 1855-59; the
"Flora Fossilis Arctica," 7 volumes, 1869-83; "Die Urwelt der Schweiz,"
1865; "Flora Fossilis Helvetiae," 1876-7. He was awarded the Wollaston
medal of the Geological Society in 1874, and in 1878 he received a Royal
medal. (Oswald Heer, "Bibliographie et Tables Iconographiques," par G.
Malloizel, precede d'une Notice Biographique" par R. Zeiller; Stockholm.)
-on continental extension.
-on plants of Madeira.
-on origin of species from monstrosities.
-Darwin sends photograph to.
-"Flora fossilis arctica."
-letter to.
Heeria (see also Heterocentron).
-F. Muller on.
Heifers, and sterility.
Helianthemum, Baillon's observations on pollen.
Heligoland, birds alight on sea near.
Heliotropism, experiments on.
-of roots.
Hemsley, W.B., mentioned.
Hennessey.
Henry, I.A. (see Anderson-Henry)
-letter to.
Henslow, Prof. J.S., life of.
-Darwin's affection for.
-Darwin's Cambridge recollections of.
-death of.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
-on Mus messorius.
-visits Down.
-Darwin on his parish work.
-work on crossing.
Henslow, Miss, mentioned.
Herbaceous orders, in relation to trees.
Herbert, Dean, on heaths of S. Africa.
-on Polygala.
-on Cytisus Adami.
-on self-fertility of Hippeastrum.
-mentioned.
"Hereditary Genius," Francis Galton's.
Hereditary Improvement, Francis Galton on.
Heredity, Darwin's criticism of Galton's theory.
Hermaphroditism, in trees.
-Weir on Lepidoptera and.
-and nature of generative organs.
Herminium monorchis.
Heron, Sir R., on peacocks and colour.
Herons, as fruit-feeders.
Herschel, Sir J.F.W., edits "Manual of Scientific Enquiry."
-on Natural Selection.
-on the "Origin."
-"Physical Geography."
-on providential laws.
-on heating of rocks.
-on importance of generalising.
-on study of languages.
-versus Lyell on volcanic islands.
-mentioned.
Heteranthera, two kinds of stamens.
-H. reniformis.
Heterocentron, experiments on.
-seeds of.
-two kinds of stamens.
-H. roseum, fertilisation mechanism of.
Heterogeny, Owen on.
Heteromorphic, use of term.
Heterosmilax, de Candolle on.
Heterostylism, Darwin's experiments on.
-example in monocotyledons of.
Hewitt, on pheasant-hybrids.
-mentioned.
Hibiscus.
Hicks, H., on pre-Cambrian rocks.
Hieracium, American species.
-Nageli on.
-variability of.
Highness, lowness and.
Hilaire, A. St., see St. Hilaire.
Hildebrand, F., article in "Botanische Zeitung."
-experiments on direct action of pollen.
-"Die Lebensdauer der Pflanzen."
-letter to.
-crossing work by.
-on Delpino's work.
-on dispersal of seeds.
-self-sterility in Corydalis cava.
-"Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen."
-on orchids.
-on ovules formed after pollination.
-experiment on potatoes.
-on Salvia.
-mentioned.
Hilgendorf, controversy with Sandberger.
Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.
"Himalayan Journals," dedicated by Hooker to Darwin.
"Himalayan Plants, Illustrations of."
Himalayas, British plants in.
-commingling of temperate and tropical plants.
-tortoise of.
-ice-action in.
-mixed character of the vegetation.
Hinde, Dr., examination of Funafuti coral-reef cores by.
Hindmarsh, L., letter to.
Hippeastrum, Herbert on self-sterility of.
Hippopotamus, fossil in Madagascar.
Historic spirit, J. Morley's criticism of Darwin's lack of.
Hitcham, collection of Azorean plants made near.
Hobhouse, Sir A., Darwin meets.
Hochberg, K., letter to.
Hofmann, A.W., receives royal medal.
Holland, evolutionary opinions in.
-flora of.
Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis.
-mentioned.
-on influence of mind on circulation.
Holly, effective work of insects in fertilisation of.
Hollyhock, Darwin's crossing experiments.
Holmsdale.
Home, see Milne-Home.
Homing experiments.
Homo, Pithecus compared with.
Homology, analogy and.
-course of vessels in flowers as guide to.
Homomorphic, use of term.
Honeysuckle, oak-leaved variety.
Hooker, Mrs., assists Sir J.D. Hooker.
Hooker, Sir J.D., addresses at British Association meetings.
-on Arctic plants.
-Australian Flora by.
-botanical appointment.
-C.B. conferred upon.
-on coal plants and conditions of growth.
-criticism on Lyell's work.
-on Darwin's MS. on geographical distribution.
-Darwin's admiration for letters of.
-Darwin assisted in his work by.
-Darwin on good gained by "squabbles" with.
-Darwin on success of.
-enjoyment of correspondence with Darwin.
-expedition to Syria.
-extract from letter to.
-Falconer and.
-first meeting with Darwin.
-on Insular Floras.
-introductory essay to Flora of Tasmania.
-lecture at Royal Institution.
-letters to.
-letters to Darwin from.
-on new colonial flora.
-on New Zealand flora.
-on Natural Selection.
-on naturalised plants.
-on the "Origin."
-and Owen.
-on pangenesis.
-on plants of Fernando Po and Abyssinia.
-on preservation of tropical plants during cool period.
-and reviews.
-royal medal awarded to.
-and J. Scott.
-on species.
-on Torbitt's potato experiments.
-on use of terms centripetal and centrifugal.
-on variation in large and small genera.
-on Welwitschia.
-on Cameroon plants.
-Darwin on his address at Belfast.
-Darwin writes testimonial for.
-Darwin values scientific opinion of.
-Darwin receives encouragement from.
-Darwin's pleasure at visits from.
-on Glacial period.
-on Glacial deposits in India.
-on glaciers in Yorkshire.
-notice in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on.
-photograph by Mrs. Cameron.
-Primer of Botany by.
-review of Darwin's "Fertilisation of Orchids."
-scheme for Flora.
-represents "whole great public" to Darwin.
-use of structure in plants.
-visits Down.
-opinion of "Fur Darwin."
-mentioned.
Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785-1865): was called to the Chair of Botany
at Glasgow in 1820, where by his success as a teacher he raised the annual
fees from 60 pounds to 700 pounds. In 1841 he became Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens at Kew, which under his administration increased enormously
in activity and importance. His private Herbarium, said to be "by far the
richest ever accumulated in one man's lifetime," formed the nucleus of the
present collection. He produced, as author or editor, about a hundred
volumes devoted to Botany ("Dict. of Nat. Biog.").
-Herbarium at Kew belonging to.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
Hopkins, William, F.R.S. (1793-1866) entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, at
the age of thirty, and in 1827 took his degree as seventh wrangler. For
some years Hopkins was very successful as a mathematical tutor; about
1833 he began to take a keen interest in geological subjects, and
especially concerned himself with the effects of elevating forces acting
from below on the earth's crust. He was President of the Geological
Society in 1851 and 1852 ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXIII., page
xxix, 1867).
-Article in "Fraser's Magazine."
-on elevation and earthquakes.
-on mountain-building.
-researches in physical geology.
-mentioned.
Horner, Leonard, F.R.S. (1785-1862): was born in Edinburgh, at the age
of twenty-one he settled in London, and devoted himself more
particularly to Geology and Mineralogy, returning a few years later to
Edinburgh, where he took a prominent part in founding the School of Art
and other educational institutions. In 1827 Mr. Horner was invited to
occupy the post of Warden in the London University,a position which he
resigned in 1831; he also held for some years an Inspectorship of
Factories. As a Fellow of the Royal Society, Mr. Horner "took an active
part in bringing about certain changes in the management of the Society,
which resulted in limiting to fifteen the number of new members to be
annually elected..." In 1846 Horner was elected President of the
Geological Society; and in 1860 he again presided over the Society, to
the interests of which he had long devoted himself. His contributions
to the Society include papers on Stratigraphical Geology, Mineralogy,
and other subjects.—"Memoirs of Leonard Horner," edited by his
daughter, Katherine M. Lyell (privately printed, 1890).
-letters to.
-memoirs of.
-address to Geological Society.
-on coal.
-on Darwin's "Geological Observations."
-visits Down.
-mentioned.
Horner, Mrs. L.
Horse, ancestry.
-Arab-Turk and English race-.
-hybrids between Quagga and.
-in N. and S. America.
-equality of sexes in race-.
Horsfall, W., letter to.
Hottonia, dimorphism of.
Hounds, gestation of.
Howard, L.O.
Hoya carnosa, Darwin's work on.
Humble-bees, as agents of fertilisation of orchids.
Humboldt, Bates' description of tropical forests compared with that by.
-conversation with.
-on heath regions.
-on migration and double creation.
-"Personal Narrative."
-on violet of Teneriffe.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-on elevation and volcanic activity.
-mentioned.
Humboldt and Webb, on Zones on Teneriffe.
Hume, Darwin on Huxley's "Life" of.
Humming-birds, agents of fertilisation.
Hunger, expression by sheldrakes of.
Husbands, resemblance between wives and.
Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, F.R.S., formerly Curator of the Canterbury
Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand, author of "Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old
and New," London, 1899.
-letter to.
-review of "Origin."
Hutton, James, (1726-97): author of "Theory of the Earth."
Huxley, L., reference to his "Life of T.H. Huxley."
-information given by.
Huxley, Prof. T.H., biographical note, Volume I.
-Article in "Annals and Magazine" in reply to Falconer.
-on Aphis.
-on automatism.
-catalogue of collections in Museum of Practical Geology.
-comparative anatomy by.
-on Comte.
-on Cuvier's classification.
-Darwin's value of his opinion.
-election to the Athenaeum.
-friendship with Darwin.
-on growth of Darwin's views.
-lectures at the Royal Institution.
-lectures on evolution by.
-lectures to working men.
-legacy and gift to.
-letters to.
-"Life of Hume."
-"Man's Place in Nature."
-marriage.
-misrepresented by Owen.
-founds "Natural History Review."
-obituary notice of Darwin.
-on the "Origin of Species."
-on Owen's archetype book.
-president of the British Association meeting at Liverpool (1870).
-on Priestley.
-quoted by Lord Kelvin as an unbeliever in spontaneous generation.
-reviews by.
-review of "Vestiges of Creation" by.
-on Sabine's address.
-on saltus.
-prefatory note to Hackel's "Freedom in Science and Teaching."
-address to Geological Society (1869).
-on classification of man.
-on contemporaneity.
-on Catasetum.
-on deep-sea soundings.
-legacy from A. Rich.
-on Lyell's "Principles."
-on use of term physiological species.
-on vivisection.
-and H.N. Martin, "Elementary Biology" by.
-mentioned.
Huxley, Mrs. T.H., queries on expression sent by Darwin to.
-observations on child crying.
-mentioned.
Hyacinth, experiment on bulbs.
Hyatt, Alpheus (1838-1902): was a student under Louis Agassiz, to whose
Laboratory he returned after serving in the Civil War, and under whom he
began the researches on Fossil Cephalopods for which he is so widely known.
In 1867 he became one of the Curators of the Essex Institute of Salem,
Mass. In 1870 he was made Custodian, and in 1881 Curator of the Boston
Society of Natural History. He held professorial chairs in Boston
University and in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and "was at
one time or another officially connected with the Museum of Comparative
Zoology and the United States Geological Survey." See Mr. S. Henshaw
("Science," XV., page 300, February 1902), where a sketch of Mr. Hyatt's
estimable personal character is given. See also Prof. Dall in the "Popular
Science Monthly," February 1902.
-and Hilgendorf.
-letters to.
-letters to Darwin from.
-on tetrabranchiata.
Hyatt and Cope, theories of.
Hybridism, chapter in "Origin" on.
-Bentham's address on.
-treatment by Darwin in "Variation of Animals and Plants."
Hybrids, and adaptation.
-Darwin's views on.
-evidence in favour of pangenesis from.
-experiments on.
-fertility of.
-intermediate character of.
-primrose and cowslip.
-article in "Quarterly Review" on.
-sterility of.
-Max Wichura on.
-Bronn on.
-F. Muller's work on.
-and heterostyled plants.
-rarity of natural.
-J. Scott's work on.
-tendency to reversion.
Hydra, sexuality of.
Hydropathy, Darwin and.
Hydrozoa, alternation of generations in.
Hymenoptera, affinities of.
-H. Muller on.
Hypericum perforatum, a social plant in U.S.A.
Hyracotherium cuniculus, Owen on.
Iberis, mucus in seeds of.
Ice, as agent in dispersal of boulders.
-agent in dispersal of plants.
-Forbes on transport by.
-agent in lake-formation.
-cleavage in.
-work of, a new factor in geology.
Ice-action, on land and sea.
Icebergs, as factor in explaining European plants in Azores.
-Croll on action of.
-Darwin on.
-evidence in S. America of.
-Hopkins on action of.
Ice-cap, of Arctic regions.
Iceland, importance of records of volcanic phenomena in.
Ignorance, Darwin on immensity of man's.
Ilkley, Darwin's visit to.
Illegitimate offspring, need for repetition of Darwin's experiments on
plants'.
Imatophyllum.
Immortality, Darwin on.
Immutability of species.
-Falconer disbelieves in.
-Darwin on.
Imperfection of the Geological Record, see Geological Record.
Impotence in plants.
-see also Self-sterility.
India, British rule in.
-flora of.
-Hooker in.
-varieties of domestic animals in.
-H.F. Blanford on.
-Darwin on origin of lakes in.
-evidence of colder climate in.
-J. Scott accepts post in.
Infants, Mrs. E Talbot on development of mind in.
-observations on ears of.
Infusoria, possible occurrence in underclays of coal.
Inglis, Sir R., Darwin at breakfast party.
Inheritance, atavism and.
-conservative tendency of long.
-Hackel on.
-hypothesis on.
-Jager on.
-and Natural Selection.
-power of.
-J.C. Prichard on.
-and variability.
-Darwin on.
-Galton on.
Insanity, concealment of.
"Insect Life," Howard's.
Insectivorous plants, Darwin's work on.
Insects, alpine.
-Lord Avebury on.
-Bates on.
-fossil.
-luminous.
-of Madeira.
-F. Muller on metamorphosis of.
-Sharp's book on.
-study of habits more valuable than description of new species.
-wingless.
-Wollaston on.
-antiquity of stridulating organs in.
-colour and Sexual Selection.
-H. Muller's work on adaptation to fertilisation of flowers.
-metamorphosis of.
-music as attraction to.
-observation on fertilisation of flowers by.
-Ramsay on.
-Riley's work on.
-tropical climate and colours of.
Instinct, Darwin and.
-in nest-making.
-selection of varying.
Insular floras.
-Hooker's lecture on.
Insular forms, in Galapagos, Canaries and Madeira.
-beaten by continental forms.
Intelligence, meaning of.
-Romanes on Animal.
-in worms.
Intercrossing, in pigeons.
-Darwin on effects of.
-and sterility.
Interglacial periods, Darwin on evidence for.
Intermediate forms.
-Bates' paper on.
-S. American types as.
-crossing and frequent absence of.
-extinction of.
-Falconer on existence of.
-as fossils.
-Asa Gray on.
-Plagiaulax as evidence of.
-Wollaston on rarity in insects.
Introduced plants, Sonchus in New Zealand as example of.
-in N. America and Australia.
-variability of.
-Darwin on.
Introductory Essay to Tasmanian "Flora," Hooker's.
Ipswich, British Association meeting (1851).
Iquique, nitrate of soda beds at.
Ireland, Spanish plants in.
Iris, flowers of.
-nectar secretion of.
Islands, comparison between species of rising and sinking.
-fauna of.
-introduction of plants.
-products of.
-plants with irregular flowers on.
-subsidence of coral.
-survival of ancient forms in.
-volcanic.
-comparison of age of continents and.
-former greater extension of.
"Island Life," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.
Isle of Wight, occurrence of Bee-orchis in.
Isnardia palustris, range of.
Isolation, Bentham underestimates importance of.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-importance of.
-Wagner exaggerates importance of.
-Weismann on effects of.
Itajahy, F. Muller's narrow escape from flood of.
Italy, flora of.
Ivy, difference in growth of flowering and creeping branches.
Jaeger, G., letter to.
-on pangenesis and inheritance.
James', Sir H., discussion in "Athenaeum" on change of climate.
-map of the world.
James Island, Darwin's plants from.
Jameson.
Jamieson, W., on S. America.
-Darwin converted to glacial theory of Glen Roy after publication of
paper by.
Janet, on Natural Selection.
Japan, American types in.
-flora of.
-Gray's work on plants of.
-progress of.
Java, botanical relation to Africa.
-Alpine plants of.
-Wallace on.
Jays, Crows and.
-repeated pairing of.
Jeffreys, Gwyn, shells sent by Darwin to.
Jenkin, Fleeming, review by.
Jenners, taste for natural history in the.
Jenyns (Blomefield), Rev. Leonard: The following sketch of the life of
Rev. Leonard Blomefield is taken from his "Chapters in my Life; Reprint
with Additions" (privately printed), Bath, 1889. He was born, as he states
with characteristic accuracy, at 10 p.m., May 25th, 1800; and died at Bath,
September 1st, 1893. His father—a second cousin of Soame Jenyns, from
whom he inherited Bottisham Hall, in Cambridgeshire—was a parson-squire of
the old type, a keen sportsman, and a good man of business. Leonard
Jenyns' mother was a daughter of the celebrated Dr. Heberden, in whose
house in Pall Mall he was born. Leonard was educated at Eton and
Cambridge, and became curate of Swaffham Bulbeck, a village close to his
father's property; he was afterwards presented to the Vicarage of the
parish, and held the living for nearly thirty years. The remainder of his
life he spent at Bath. He was an excellent field-naturalist and a minute
and careful observer. Among his writings may be mentioned the Fishes in
"Zoology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle,'" 1842, a "Manual of British
Vertebrate Animals," 1836, a "Memoir" of Professor Henslow,1862, to which
Darwin contributed recollections of his old master, "Observations in
Natural History," 1846 and "Observations in Meteorology," 1858, besides
numerous papers in scientific journals. In his "Chapters" he describes
himself as showing as a boy the silent and retiring nature, and also the
love of "order, method, and precision," which characterised him through
life; and he adds, "even to old age I have been often called a VERY
PARTICULAR GENTLEMAN." In a hitherto unpublished passage in his
autobiographical sketch, Darwin wrote, "At first I disliked him from his
somewhat grim and sarcastic expression; and it is not often that a first
impression is lost; but I was completely mistaken, and found him very kind-
hearted, pleasant, and with a good stock of humour." Mr. Jenyns records
that as a boy he was by a stranger taken for a son of his uncle, Dr.
Heberden (the younger), whom he closely resembled.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
Jodrell Laboratory, Darwin's interest in.
-note on.
Jordanhill, Smith of, on Gibraltar.
"Journal of Researches," Darwin's.
Judd, Prof. J.W., letter to.
-recollections of Darwin.
-on Darwin's "Volcanic Islands."
-Darwin in praise of work of.
Jukes, on imperfection of the Geological Record.
-on changes of climate.
-on formation of river-valleys.
-over estimates sub-aerieal denudation.
Jumps, variation by.
Juncus, range of.
-J. bufonius.
-variation of.
-germination of seed from mud carried by woodcock.
Jura, Darwin on erratic blocks of.
Jussieu, A. de.
Kane's, E.K., "Arctic Explorations," use of foxtails by Esquimaux
referred to in.
Kelvin, Lord, Address at the British Association Meeting at Edinburgh
(1871).
-on geological time.
-on age of the earth.
-on origin of plant-life from meteorites.
Kemp, W., sends seeds to Darwin.
-on vitality of seeds.
Kensington, proposed removal of British Museum (Bloomsbury) collections
to.
Kerguelen cabbage, Chambers versus Hooker on the.
Kerguelen island, coal-beds of.
-relation of flora to that of Fuegia.
-similarity between plants of S. America and of.
-importance of collecting fossil plants on.
-moth from.
-sea-shells of.
-volcanic mountain on.
Kerner, A. von Marilaun, on Tubocytisus.
-"Pflanzenleben."
-"Schutzmittel des Pollens."
-on xenogamy and autogamy.
-mentioned.
Kerr, on frozen snow.
Kerr, Prof. Graham.
Kew, proposed consolidation of botanical collections at.
-rarity of insects and shells in Royal Garden.
-Darwin visits Garden.
-Darwin obtains plants from.
-Darwin sends seeds to.
-Jodrell, Laboratory at.
-struggle for existence at.
-suggestion that J. Scott should work in Garden.
Kilauea, lava in crater of.
Kilfinnin, shelves in valley of.
Kilima Njaro, plants of.
King, Captain, collection of plants by.
-"Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle.'"
King, Sir George, reminiscences of J. Scott.
-Darwin receives seeds from.
King, Dr. Richard (1811?-1876): He was surgeon and naturalist to Sir
George Back's expedition (1833-5) to the mouth of the Great Fish River
in search of Captain Ross, of which he published an account. In 1850 he
accompanied Captain Horatio Austin's search expedition in the
"Resolute."
-Arctic expedition.
Kingfisher, sexual difference in.
Kingsley, C., quoted in the "Origin."
-story of a heathen Khan.
-reference to E. Forbes and P.H. Gosse.
Kini Balu, vegetation of.
Kirby and Spence.
Klebs, on use of mucus in seeds.
Knight, A., on crossing.
-hybrid experiments.
-on sports.
Knight's Law.
Knight-Darwin Law, F. Darwin on.
Knuth, on morphology of cruciferous flower.
Koch's "Flora Germanica."
Kolliker, visits Down.
Kollmann, Dr., on atavism.
Kolreuter, on Aquilegia.
-on hybrids.
-observations on pollen.
-on self-fertilisation.
-on varieties of tobacco.
"Kosmos," F. Muller's article on Crotolaria.
-F. Muller's paper on Phyllanthus in.
Krause, E., letter to.
-memoir of Erasmus Darwin.
-memoir of H. Muller.
Kroyer.
Kubanka, form of Russian wheat.
Kurr, on flowers of Canna.
La Plata, H.M.S. "Beagle's" visit to.
-Cervus of.
-Mylodon of.
-plants of.
-extinct animals from.
-slates and schists of.
Labellum, nature of.
Labiatae, large genera of.
Laboratory, Darwin on the instruments for botanical.
-founding of Jodrell.
Laburnum, peloric flowers of.
-Darwin on hybrid (see also Cytisus).
Ladizabala, crossing experiments on.
Lagerstraemia (Lagerstroemia), F. Muller on.
Lakes, Darwin on Ramsay's theory of.
-as agents in forming Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
-of Friesland.
-Geological action of.
-Ramsay on.
Lamarck, Darwin on views of.
-difference between views of Darwin and.
-"Hist. Zoolog." of.
-Hopkins on Darwin and.
-Packard's book on.
-quotation from.
Lamellicorns, F. Muller on sexes in.
-stridulating organs of.
Lamont, James, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.: author of "Seasons with the Sea-horses;
etc.; Yachting in the Arctic Seas, or Notes of Five Voyages of Sport and
Discovery in the Neighbourhood of Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya,"
London, 1876; and geological papers on Spitzbergen.
-letters to.
Lampyridae, luminous organs of.
Land, fauna of sea compared with that of.
-changes in level of sea the cause of those on.
Land-birds, resting on the sea.
Land-shells, dispersal of.
-of glacial period.
-modification of.
Land-surfaces, preservation for long periods.
Landois, reference to paper by.
Language, observations bearing on origin of.
-Sir J. Herschel on study of.
Lankester, E. Ray, letter to.
-drawing of earthworm used in Darwin's book.
Lankester, E. (Senior), speech at Manchester British Association meeting
(1861), on Darwin's theory.
Lantana, in Ceylon.
Lanugo, on human foetus.
Lapland, richness of flora.
Latania Lodigesii, peculiar to Round Island.
Latent characters, tendency to appear temporarily in youth.
Lathyrus aphaca.
-L. grandiflorus, fertilisation of.
-L. nissolia, evolution of.
-explanation of grass-like leaves.
-Darwin on.
-L. maritimus, bloom on.
-L. odoratus, fertilisation of.
-intercrossing of varieties.
Lauder-Dick, Sir Thomas, on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
Laurel, extra-floral nectaries of.
Lava, Darwin and Scrope on separation of constituent minerals of.
-Elie de Beaumont's measurements of inclination of.
-fluidity of.
-junction between dykes and.
-and metamorphic schists.
-Scrope on basaltic and trachytic.
-subsidence due to outpouring of.
Law, of balancement.
-of growth.
-of higgledy-piggledy.
-of perfectibility by Nageli.
-of sterility.
-of succession.
-of variation.
Lawes, Sir J.B., and Sir J.H. Gilbert, Rothamsted experiments.
Laxton, T., close on the trail of Mendelian principle.
"Lay Sermons," Huxley's.
Leaves, movements of.
-used by worms in plugging burrows.
Lebanon, glacial action on.
-plants of.
-Hooker on Cedars of.
Lecky, Rt. Hon. W.E.H., Darwin's interest in book by.
-quoted in "Descent of Man."
Lecoq, "Geographie Botanique."
-on self-sterility.
-mentioned.
Lectures, Darwin on Edinburgh University, (see also Hooker and Huxley).
-Max Muller's, on Science of Language.
Ledebour, allusion to book by.
Leeds, address by Owen at.
Leersia oryzoides, cleistogamic flowers of.
Leggett, W.H., on Rhexia virginica.
Legitimate unions, heteromorphic or.
Leguminosae, absence in Greenland.
-absent in New Zealand.
-anomalous genera in.
-crossing in.
-scarcity in humid temporate regions.
-seeds of.
-example of inherited pelorism in.
-Lord Farrer's observations on fertilisation of.
-nectar-holders in flowers.
-reason for absence of.
Leibnitz, rejection of theory of gravity by.
Lemuria, continent of.
Lepadidae, Darwin's work on, (see also Barnacles).
-fossil.
Lepas, nomenclature of.
Lepidodendron.
Lepidoptera, Sexual Selection in.
-breeding in confinement.
-F. Muller on mimicry in.
-protection afforded by wings.
-want of colour-perception.
-Weir on apterous.
Lepidosiren, reason for preservation of.
Leptotes.
Leschenaultia, fertilisation mechanism.
-self-fertilisation of.
-L. biloba, fertilisation mechanism of.
-L. formosa, fertilisation mechanism of.
Lesquereux, Leo (1806-89): was born in Switzerland, but his most
important works were published after he settled in the United States in
1848. Beginning with researches on Mosses and Peat, he afterwards
devoted himself to the study of fossil plants. His best known
contributions to Palaeobotany are a series of monographs on Cretaceous
and Tertiary Floras (1878-83), and on the Coal-Flora of Pennsylvania and
the United States generally, published by the Second Geological Survey
of Pennsylvania between 1880 and 1884 (see L.F. Ward, Sketch of
Palaeobotany, "U.S. Geol. Surv., 5th Ann. Rep." 1883-4; also "Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLVI., "Proc." page 53, 1890.
-convert to evolution.
-on Coal floras.
Leuckart, Rudolf (1822-98): Professor of Zoology at Leipzig.
-convert to Darwin's views.
Lewes, G.H., (1817-78): author of a "History of Philosophy," etc.
-letter to.
Lewy, Naphtali, letter to Darwin from.
Lias, cephalopods from the.
Life, Bastian's book on the beginnings of.
-mystery of,
-origin of.
-principle of.
-bearing of vitality of seeds on problem of.
Light, action on plants of flashing.
Lima, Darwin visits.
Limulus.
Linaria, peloria as reversions.
Lindley, John (1799-1865): was born at Catton, near Norwich. His first
appointment was that of Assistant Librarian to Sir Joseph Banks. He was
afterwards Assistant Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and during his
tenure of that office he organised the first fruit and flower shows held in
this country. In 1829 he was chosen to be the first Professor of Botany at
University College, London, and a few years later he became Lecturer to the
Apothecaries' Company. He is the author of a large number of botanical
books, of which the best known is the "Vegetable Kingdom," 1846. He was
one of the founders of the "Gardeners' Chronicle," and was its principal
editor up to the time of his death. He was endowed with great powers of
work and remarkable energy. He is said as a young man to have translated
Richard's "Analyse du Fruit" in a single sitting of three nights and two
days. (From the article on Lindley in the "Dictionary of National
Biography," which is founded on the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1865, pages
1058, 1082.)
-Hooker's eloge of.
-and Royal Medal.
-"Vegetable Kingdom" by.
-on Acropera and Gongora.
-Darwin on his classification of orchids.
-letters to.
-on Melastomaceae.
-on orchids.
-Hooker reviews Darwin's Orchid book in style of.
-mentioned.
Lingula, persistence of.
-Silurian species.
Link, on Alpine and Arctic plants.
Linnaeus.
Linnean Society, Bentham's address.
-Collier's picture of Darwin in rooms of.
-Darwin's paper on Linum.
-Darwin advises Bates to give his views on species before.
-Wallace's paper on the Malayan papilionidae.
Linnet, a migratory bird.
Linope, E. Hackel on.
Linum, Darwin's work on.
-dimorphism of.
-interaction of pollen and stigma.
-mucus in seeds of.
Linum flavum.
-L. grandiflorum, two forms of.
-L. Lewisii, experiments on.
-L. trigynum.
-L. usitatissimum, circumnutation of.
Lister, Lord, on spines of Hedgehog.
Listera, fertilisation of.
-L. cordata, fertilisation of.
-L. ovata, fertilisation of.
Litchfield, Mrs. (see Darwin, Henrietta).
-criticism of Huxley.
Littoral shells, glacial period and.
Liverpool, British Association meeting at (1870).
Livingstone, D., on the distribution of thorny plants.
Lobelia, Darwin's experiments on.
-fertilisation mechanism of.
-fertility of.
-L. fulgens, Scott's experiments on.
Lochaber, Parallel Roads of (see also Glen Roy).
-evidence of ice-action.
Lochs, Laggan (Loggan), ice-action in.
-Roy, Darwin disbelieves in existence of.
-Spey, shelves of.
-Treig, ice-action in.
-Milne's account of.
Locust grass, germination of.
Locusts, blown out to sea.
-plants from dung of.
Logwood, leaf-movement of.
-See Haematoxylon.
Loiseleuria procumbens.
London clay, supposed germination of seeds from.
"London Review," Darwin's opinion of.
-correspondence between Owen and editor in reference to "Origin."
Longchamps, L. de, on crossing in Gramineae.
Longevity, Darwin on animals' and man's.
Lonsdale, William (1794-1871): obtained a commission in the 4th Regiment
at the age of sixteen, and served at Salamanca and Waterloo. From 1829
to 1842 he held the office of Assistant-Secretary and Curator of the
Geological Society. Mr. Lonsdale contributed important papers on the
Devonian System, the Oolitic Rocks, and on palaeontological subjects.
("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXVIII., page xxxv., 1872.)
-mentioned.
Lopezia, fertilisation of.
Lophura viellottii, colour of.
Loss, nature of.
Love, evidence of existence low in scale.
Loven, S.L.: published numerous papers on Cirripedes and other
zoological subjects in the Stockholm "Ofversigt" and elsewhere between
1838 and 1882.
-translation of paper on Cirripedes.
-mentioned.
Lowe, R.T., on Madeira.
Lowell, Prof., on custom in Italy of shaking head in affirmation.
Lowland plants, ascending mountains.
Lowne, B.T., on anatomy of blowfly.
Lowness and highness.
Lubbock, Lady.
Lubbock, Sir J., see Lord Avebury.
Lucas, Dr. P., on tendency to vary independent of conditions.
Ludwig, F., letter to.
Lumbricus (see also Earthworms).
Luminosity in animals.
-result of external conditions.
Lupinus, Darwin's experiments on.
Luzula.
Lychnis dioica, structure of flower.
-sets seed without pollen.
Lycopodium, variation in.
Lyell, Sir Charles, Bart., F.R.S. (1797-1875): was born at Kinnordy, the
family home in central Forfarshire. At the age of seventeen he entered
at Exeter College, Oxford, and afterwards obtained a second class in the
final Honours School in Classics. As an undergraduate Lyell attended
Prof. Buckland's lectures on Geology. On leaving Oxford Lyell was
entered at Lincoln's Inn; a weakness of the eyes soon compelled him to
give up reading, and he travelled abroad, finding many opportunities for
field work. He was called to the Bar in 1825, and in the same year
published some papers on geological subjects. From 1823-26 Lyell filled
the post of Secretary to the Geological Society, and in 1826 was elected
into the Royal Society. In 1830 the first volume of the "Principles of
Geology" was published; the second volume appeared two years later.
Speaking of this greatest of Lyell's services to Geology, Huxley writes:
"I have recently read afresh the first edition of the "Principles of
Geology," and when I consider that this remarkable book had been nearly
thirty years in everybody's hands {in 1859}, and that it brings home to
any reader of ordinary intelligence a great principle and a great fact—
the principle that the past must be explained by the present, unless
good cause be shown to the contrary; and the fact that, so far as our
knowledge of the past history of life on our globe goes, no such cause
can be shown—I cannot but believe that Lyell, for others, as for
myself, was the chief agent in smoothing the road for Darwin" (Huxley's
"Life and Letters," Volume II., page 190). As Professor of Geology in
King's College, London, Lyell delivered two courses of lectures in 1832-
33; in the latter year he received a Royal medal, and in 1858 he was the
recipient of the Copley medal of the Royal Society. The "Elements of
Geology" was published in 1833; this work is still used as a text-book,
a new edition having been lately (1896) brought out by Prof. Judd; in
1845 and in 1849 appeared the "Travels in North America" and "A Second
Visit to the United States of North America." The "Antiquity of Man"
was published in 1863. Lyell was knighted in 1848, and in 1864 was
raised to the rank of a Baronet. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Darwin wrote in his Autobiography: "The Science of Geology is enormously
indebted to Lyell, more so, as I believe, than to any other man who ever
lived" ("Life and Letters," Volume I., page 72). In a letter to Lyell—
November 23rd, 1859—Darwin wrote: "I rejoice profoundly that you intend
admitting the doctrine of modification in your new edition {a new edition
of the "Manual" published in 1865}; nothing, I am convinced, could be more
important for its success. I honour you most sincerely. To have
maintained, in the position of a master, one side of a question for thirty
years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt
whether the records of science offer a parallel" ("Life and Letters,"
Volume II., pages 229-30). See "Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles
Lyell, Bart." edited by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Lyell, 2 Volumes, London,
1881. "Charles Lyell and Modern Geology," Prof. T.G. Bonney, London,
1895.)
-"Antiquity of Man."
-on Barrande.
-cautious attitude towards "Origin of Species."
-cautious judgment of.
-on Cetacea.
-Copley medal awarded to.
-on continental extension.
-controversy with Owen.
-Darwin's pleasure in reading his "Geology."
-on distribution.
-Falconer and.
-German opinion of.
-on immutability.
-interest in celts.
-letters to.
-letters to Darwin from.
-map of Tertiary geography by.
-on mutability.
-on pangenesis.
-"Principles of Geology."
-on Ramsay's theory of lakes.
-urges Darwin to publish his views with those of Wallace.
-visits Down.
-work in France.
-address to Geological Society.
-attacked by Owen in his "Anatomy of Vertebrata."
-criticism of Murchison.
-on craters of denudation.
-Darwin's indebtedness to.
-death of.
-death of his father.
-gives up opposition to Evolution.
-on glaciers of Forfarshire.
-on glacial period in S. hemisphere.
-versus Herschel on volcanic islands.
-on iceberg action.
-memorial in Westminster Abbey.
-on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
-as founder of school of Geology.
-second visit to the United States.
-trip to Wales.
-mentioned.
Lyell, Lady, letter to.
-translation of paper for Darwin.
-visits Down.
-mentioned.
Lynch, R.I.
Lythraceae, dimorphism in.
Lythrum, cross-fertilisation of.
-Darwin's work on.
-trimorphism of.
-L. hyssopifolium, range of.
-L. salicaria, dimorphism of.
-Darwin's work on.
Macacas, Owen on.
-M. Silenus, mane as a protection.
Macalister, Prof. A.
Macarthur, Sir W., on Erythrina.
Macaw, beauty of plumage.
McClennan, on primitive man.
MacCulloch, on Glen Turret.
-on metamorphic rocks.
-on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
M'Donnell, Darwin on work of.
Macgillivray, reference to his "History of British Birds."
Machetes pugnax, polygamy of.
Mackintosh, Daniel (1815-91): was well-known in the South of England as a
lecturer on scientific subjects. He contributed several papers to the
Geological Society on Surface Sculpture, Denudation, Drift Deposits, etc.
In 1869 he published a work "On the Scenery of England and Wales" (see
"Geol. Mag." 1891, page 432.
-on boulders of Ashley Heath.
-letters to.
-on Moel Tryfan.
-on sources of erratic blocks in England.
McNab, Prof., J. Scott and.
-mentioned.
Macrauchenia, skull of.
Madagascar, existence of insects capable of fertilising Angraecum in.
-fossil Hippopotamus of.
-Owen on fauna of.
-plants of.
-former extension of.
-as a geographical region.
-Viola of.
Madeira, birds of.
-British plants compared with those of.
-Canary Islands formerly connected with.
-flora of.
-insects of.
-land-extension, of.
-land-shells of.
-Lowe on.
-Tertiary plants of.
-elevation of.
Maer, the home of the Wedgwoods.
Magellan Straits, H.M.S. "Beagle" in.
Magnus, review by Krause of his work on colour.
Magpies, pairing of.
Mahon, Lord, compliment to Darwin.
Mahonia, natural crossing of.
Maillet, evolutionary views of.
Maize, hybrids of, see also Zea.
Malaxeae, and Epidendreae.
Malaxis, course of vessels in flower.
-fertilisation of.
Malaxis paludosa, epiphytic on Sphagnum.
Malay archipelago, Darwin on Wallace's book on.
-translation by Meyer of Wallace's book.
Malay region, glacial epoch and the.
-Wallace on butterflies and pigeons of.
Malpighiaceae, degraded flowers of.
-Erythroxylon included in.
Malta, Forbes on geology of.
Malthus, Darwin derives help from reading.
-Haughton sneers at.
-misunderstood.
Malva.
Mammae, as rudimentary organs in man.
Mammals, alteration in skulls of.
-Australian cave-.
-birds compared with.
-Dana's classification.
-distribution.
-as indices of climatic changes.
-as proof of union between England and Continent since Glacial period.
-Waterhouse's "Natural History" of.
-Glacial period and extinction of.
-Origin and migration.
Mammoth (Bog).
Mammoth, Darwin's eagerness to collect bones of.
-Falconer on the.
Man, antiquity of (see "Antiquity of Man," and Lyell, Sir C.).
-and apes.
-brain of.
-criticism of Lyell's chapter on.
-Huxley's book on.
-McClennan on primitive.
-and Natural Selection.
-origin of.
-races of.
-selection by Nature contrasted with selection by.
-slow progress of.
-Darwin on Wallace's paper on.
-descent of.
-ears of.
-geological age of.
-and geological classification.
-hairyness of.
-introduction of.
-rank in classification.
-Turner on evolution of.
-Wallace on evolution of.
Mankind, descent from single pair.
-early history of.
-progress of.
Mantell, Owen's attack on.
"Manual of Scientific Inquiry," Darwin's.
Manx cats.
Maranta, sleep-movements of.
Marble, MacCulloch on metamorphism of.
Marianne Islands, subsidence of.
-want of knowledge of flora.
Marion, "L'evolution du Regne vegetal," by Saporta and.
Marlatt, C.L., on Cicada.
Marquesas Islands, subsidence of.
Marr, J.E., on the rocks of Bohemia.
-mentioned.
Marriage, Darwin on.
-Galton's proposal to issue health-certificates for.
Marshall, W., on Elodea.
Marsupialia, compared with placentata.
-Darwin on nature of.
-evidence of antiquity.
-abundance in Secondary period.
Martens, see Martins.
Martha (=Posoqueria), F. Muller's paper on.
Martin, H.N., Darwin's opinion of "Elementary Biology" by Huxley and.
Martins, experiments on immersion of seeds in sea by.
Maruta cotula of N. America.
Masdevallia, Darwin's work on.
Massart, on regeneration after injury.
Masters, M., letters to.
-lecture at Royal Institution.
-"Vegetable Teratology."
Mastodon, Australian.
-extinction of.
-Falconer on.
-in Timor.
-migration into S. America.
-skeleton found by Darwin.
-M. andium, Falconer on intermediate character of.
"Materialism of the Present day," Janet's.
Matteucci on electric fishes.
Matthew, P., on forest trees in Scotland.
-quoted by Darwin as having enunciated principle of Natural Selection
before "Origin."
Maurienne, note on earthquake in province of.
Mauritius, craters of.
-elevation of.
-extinction of snakes of.
-oceanic character of.
Maury's map, as illustrating continental extension.
Maxillaria.
Maypu River, Darwin visits.
Mays, J.A., publishes lectures by Huxley.
Medals:
-(Copley), Darwin, Lyell.
-(Royal).
-(Wollaston), Darwin.
Medical Department of Army, statistics from Director-General of.
Meditation, expression of eyes in.
Mediterranean Islands, flora of.
Medusae, Romanes' work on.
Meehan, T., letter to.
Megalonyx.
Megatherium, Darwin collects bones of.
-Sir A. Carlisle on.
Melastoma, Darwin on.
Melastomaceae, Darwin on.
-crossing in.
-two kinds of stamens in.
Meldola, Prof. Raphael F.R.S.: Professor of Chemistry in Finsbury
Technical College (City and Guilds of London Institute), and a well-
known entomologist; translated and edited Weismann's "Studies in the
Theory of Descent," 1882-83.
-address to Entomological Society.
-letters to.
-translation of Weismann's "Studies in Descent" by.
-on Weismann and Darwin.
-mentioned.
Melipona.
Meloe, Lord Avebury on.
Melrose, seeds from sandpit near.
Memorial to the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Mendel, G., W. Bateson on his "Principles of Heredity."
-Darwin ignorant of work of.
-Laxton and.
Mendoza, Darwin visits.
"Mental Evolution in Animals," Romanes'.
Mentha, of N. America.
-M. borealis, variety in N. America.
Menura superba, colour and nests of.
Menzies and Cumming, visit Galapagos Islands.
Mercurialis.
Mertensia, Darwin's experiments on.
Mesembryanthemum.
Mesotherium, Falconer on.
Metamorphic schists.
Metamorphism, Darwin on.
-heat and.
-Sorby on.
Metamorphosis, Lord Avebury on insects and.
-F. Muller on.
-Quatrefages on.
Meteorites, Lord Kelvin suggests their agency in introduction of plants.
"Methods of Study," Agassiz' book on.
Mexicans, explanation of natural affinities of Chinese and.
Meyen, on insectivorous plants.
Meyer, Dr., translator of Wallace's "Malay Archipelago."
Meyer and Doege, on plants of Cape of Good Hope.
Mica, in foliated rocks.
Mica-slate, clay-slate and.
Mice, ears of.
-experiments by Tait on.
Microscope, Darwin on convenient form of.
-indispensable in work on flowers.
-use of compound without simple, injurious to progress of Natural
History.
Migration of animals and plants.
-Darwin on plant-.
-of elephants.
-Glacial period and.
-of plants.
-in tropics.
-of birds.
Mikania, a leaf-climber.
-M. scandens, gradation between Mutisia and.
Mill, J.S., on Darwin's reasoning.
-on greatest happiness principle.
Miller, Hugh, "First Impressions of England and its People."
Miller, S.H., "Fenland Past and Present" by Skertchley and.
Miller, Prof. William Hallowes, F.R.S. (1801-80), held the Chair of
Mineralogy at Cambridge from 1832 to 1880 (see "Obituary Notices of
Fellows," "Proc. R. Soc." Volume XXXI., 1881). He is referred to in the
"Origin of Species" (Edition VI., page 221) as having verified Darwin's
statement as to the structure of the comb made by Melipona domestica, a
Mexican species of bee. The cells of Melipona occupy an intermediate
position between the perfect cells of the hive-bee and the much simpler
ones of the humble-bee; the comb consists "of cylindrical cells in which
the young are hatched, and, in addition, some large cells of wax for
holding honey. These latter cells are nearly spherical and of nearly equal
sizes, and are aggregated into an irregular mass. But the important point
to notice is that these cells are always made at that degree of nearness to
each other that they would have intersected or broken into each other if
the spheres had been completed; but this is never permitted, the bees
building perfectly flat walls of wax between the spheres which thus tend to
intersect." It occurred to Darwin that certain changes in the architecture
of the Melipona comb would produce a structure "as perfect as the comb of
the hive-bee." He made a calculation, therefore, to show how this
structural improvement might be effected, and submitted the statement to
Professor Miller. By a slight modification of the instincts possessed by
Melipona domestica, this bee would be able to build with as much
mathematical accuracy as the hive-bee; and by such modifications of
instincts Darwin believed that "the hive-bee has acquired, through natural
selection, her inimitable architectural powers" (loc. cit., page 222).
-letters to.
Million years, Darwin on meaning of a.
Milne-Edwards, Darwin's cirripede work and.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-on retrograde development.
Milne-Home, David (1805-90): was a country gentleman in Berwickshire who
became interested in geology at an early age. He wrote on the Midlothian
Coal-field, the Geology of Roxburghshire, the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,
and compiled the Reports presented by a Committee appointed by the Royal
Society of Edinburgh to investigate the observation and registration of
boulders in Scotland ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLVII., 1891;
"Proc." page 59).
-believes in connection between state of weather and earthquakes.
-on Glen Roy.
-letters to.
-letter from R. Chambers to.
-on oscillation of sea.
Milton, quotation from.
Mimicry, Bates on.
-and dimorphism.
-Volucella as an example of.
-Wallace on.
-and colour.
-F. Muller on Lepidoptera and.
Mimosa, Darwin's experiments on.
-M. albida, Darwin on.
-M. sensitiva.
Mimoseae, F. Muller's account of seeds of.
Mimulus, Pfeffer on movement of stigma.
Mind, development of.
-evolution of.
-influence on nutrition.
Miocene land.
Miquel, F.A.W., on Flora of Holland.
-on distribution of the beech.
-on flora of Japan.
-mentioned.
Mirabilis.
Mirbel, G.F.B. de.
Miscellaneous letters, botanical.
-geological.
Miscellaneous subjects, letters on.
Mississippi, Lyell on pampas and deposits of the.
Mitchella.
Mivart, St. George F.R.S. (1827-1900): was educated at Harrow, King's
College, London, and St. Mary's College, Oscott. He was called to the Bar
in 1851; in 1862 he was appointed Lecturer in the Medical School of St.
Mary's Hospital. In the "Genesis of Species," published in 1871, Mivart
expressed his belief in the guiding action of Divine power as a factor in
Evolution.
-false reasoning of.
-"Genesis of Species."
Modification, Darwin's disbelief in sudden.
-explanation of.
-of insects.
-of jays and crows.
-of land and freshwater faunas.
-selection and.
-of species.
-Walsh on specific.
Moel Tryfan, Darwin on shells on.
-Mackintosh on shells on.
Moggridge, J. Traherne (1842-74): is described by a writer in "Nature"
Volume XI., 1874, page 114, as "one of our most promising young
naturalists." He published a work on "Harvesting Ants and Trap-door
Spiders," London, 1873, and wrote on the Flora of Mentone and on other
subjects. (See "The Descent of Man" Volume I., Edition II., page 104,
1888.)
-letters to.
-note on.
-experiments on ants and seeds.
Mohl, von, on climbing plants.
Mojsisovics, E. von: Vice-Director of the Imperial Geological Institute,
Vienna.
-letters to.
-work on Palaeontology and Evolution.
Molecular movement in foliated rocks.
Moller, "Brasilische Pilzblumen."
Molliard, on Les Cecidies florales.
Mollusca, distribution by birds.
-Huxley on.
-means of dispersal of.
-Morse on protective colours of.
-Wallace on distribution of.
Molothrus, occurrence in Brazil.
Monacanthus viridis, female form of Catasetum tridentatum.
Monkeys, distribution of birds affected by.
-range of.
-ears of.
-mane as protection.
-wrinkling of eyes during screaming.
Monochaetum (Monochoetum), absence of nectar in.
-experiments on.
-flowers of.
-neglected by bees.
-seeds of.
-M. ensiferum, two kinds of stamens.
Monocotyledons, range of.
-heterostylism in.
Monotremes, birds compared with.
-as remnant of ancient fauna.
Monotropa uniflora, in New Granada.
-in Himalayas.
-in separate areas in U.S.A.
Monotypic genera, variation of.
Monstrosities, Harvey on.
-Masters' work on.
-no sharp distinction between slight variations and.
-origin of species from.
-variations and.
Monte Video, Darwin visits.
-Darwin on cleavage at.
Moon, effect on earthquakes.
Moraines, glacial.
Moral sense, J. Morley on Darwin's treatment of.
Morality, foundation of.
More, Alexander Goodman (1830-95): botanist and zoologist, distinguished
chiefly by his researches on the distribution of Irish plants and animals.
He was born in London, and was educated at Rugby and Trinity College,
Cambridge. He became Assistant in the Natural History Museum at Dublin in
1867, and Curator in 1881. He was forced by ill-health to resign his post
in 1887, and died in 1895. He is best known for the Cybele Hibernica and
for various papers published in the "Ibis." He was also the author of
"Outlines of the Natural History of the Isle of Wight," of a "Supplement to
the Flora Vectensis," and innumerable shorter papers. His "Life and
Letters" has been edited by Mr. C.B. Moffat, with a preface by Miss Frances
More (1898). There is a good obituary notice by Mr. R. Barrington in the
"Irish Naturalist," May, 1895.
-letters to.
Morgan.
Morley, J., letters to.
Mormodes, labellum of.
-M. ignea, flower of.
Morphological, Hooker's criticism of term.
-sense in which used by Nageli.
Morphology, Darwin's explanation of.
-Kollmann on batrachian.
-of plants.
Morse, Prof. E.S.: of Salem, Mass.
-letters to.
-on shell-mounds of Omori.
Morton, Lord, his mare.
Moscow, opinion on Darwin's work from.
Moseley, Canon H., on glacier-motion.
Moseley, Prof. Henry Nottidge F.R.S. (1844-91): was an undergraduate of
Exeter College, Oxford, and afterwards studied medicine at University
College, London. In 1872 he was appointed one of the naturalists on the
scientific staff of the "Challenger," and in 1881 succeeded his friend and
teacher, Professor Rolleston, as Linacre Professor of Human and Comparative
Anatomy at Oxford. Moseley's "Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,"
London, 1879, was held in high estimation by Darwin, to whom it was
dedicated. (See "Life and Letters," III., pages 237-38.)
-letter to.
-proposal to examine Kerguelen Coal beds.
Moss-rose, sudden variation in.
Mostyn, Lord, horse and quagga belonging to.
Moths, hermaphroditism in hybrid.
-survival of distinct races.
-colours of.
-and Sexual Selection.
Mould, Darwin's opinion of his paper on.
Mountain-building, Rogers on.
Mountain-chains, Darwin on.
-and earthquakes.
-and elevation.
-false views of geologists on.
-Hopkins on.
-volcanic rocks in.
Movement, of land-areas.
-of plants, Darwin on.
-F. Muller on.
-Wiesner on Darwin's book on.
Mucus of seeds, significance of.
Mukkul, Pass of.
Mules, meaning of stripes of.
-J.J. Weir's observations on.
Muller, Ferd., on advance of European plants in Australia.
Muller, (Fritz) Dr. Johann Friedrich Theodor (1822-97): was born in
Thuringia, and left his native country at the age of thirty to take up his
residence at Blumenau, Sta Catharina, South Brazil, where he was appointed
teacher of mathematics at the Gymnasium of Desterro. He afterwards held a
natural history post, from which he was dismissed by the Brazilian
Government in 1891 on the ground of his refusal to take up his residence at
Rio de Janeiro ("Nature," December 17th, 1891, page 156). Muller published
a large number of papers on zoological and botanical subjects, and rendered
admirable service to the cause of evolution by his unrivalled powers of
observation and by the publication of a work entitled "Fur Darwin" (1865),
which was translated by Dallas under the title "Facts and Arguments for
Darwin" (London, 1869). The long series of letters between Darwin and
Muller bear testimony to the friendship and esteem which Darwin felt for
his co-worker in Brazil. In a letter to Dr. Hermann Muller (March 29th,
1867), Mr. Darwin wrote: "I sent you a few days ago a paper on climbing
plants by your brother, and I then knew for the first time that Fritz
Muller was your brother. I feel the greatest respect for him as one of the
most able naturalists living, and he has aided me in many ways with
extraordinary kindness." See "Life and Letters," III., page 37; "Nature,"
October 7th, 1897, Volume LVI., page 546.
-book by.
-convert to Darwin's views.
-Darwin's opinion of his book.
-friendship with Darwin.
-Hooker on.
-letters to.
-on Lord Morton's mare.
-on mutual specialisation of insects and plants.
-on prawns.
-reference to letter from.
-on sponges.
-on Cassia and caterpillars in S. Brazil.
-on climbing plants.
-on crossing plants.
-Darwin offers to make good loss by flood.
-Darwin's admiration of.
-on Darwin's work on lepidoptera.
-Darwin urges him to write Natural History book.
-explanation of two kinds of stamens in flowers.
-on fertilisation mechanisms.
-letter to Darwin from.
-narrow escape from flood.
-article in "Kosmos" on Phyllanthus.
-on Melastomaceae.
-on orchids.
-on stripes and spots in animals.
-on Termites.
-disinclined to publish.
-mentioned.
Muller, Hermann (1829-83): began his education in the village school of
Muhlberg, and afterwards studied in Halle and Berlin. From an early age he
was a keen naturalist, and began his scientific work as a collector in the
field. In 1855 he became Science teacher at Lippstadt, where he continued
to work during the last twenty-eight years of his life. Muller's greatest
contribution to Botany "Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten," was the
outcome to Charles Darwin's book on the "Fertilisation of Orchids." He was
a frequent contributor to "Kosmos" on subjects bearing on the origin of
species, the laws of variation, and kindred problems; like his brother,
Fritz, Hermann Muller was a zealous supporter of evolutionary views, and
contributed in no small degree to the spread of the new teaching. ("Prof.
Dr. Hermann Muller von Lippstadt: Ein Gedenkblatt," by Ernst Krause,
"Kosmos," Volume VII., page 393, 1883.)
-extract from letter to.
-Darwin's admiration for his book.
-on fertilisation of flowers.
-on clover and bees.
-on Epipactis and Platanthera.
-extract from Darwin's preface to his "Befruchtung der Blumen."
-letters to.
-on Melastoma.
-persecuted by Ultramontane party.
-review in "Kosmos" of "Forms of Flowers."
-mentioned.
Muller, Prof. Max, "Lectures on the Science of Language."
-letter to.
Muller, Rosa, observations on circumnutation.
Mummy wheat.
Mundane cold period, Darwin on supposed.
Mundane genera, distribution of.
Munro, Col., on Bermuda.
Munro, on eyes of parrots.
Murchison, Sir R.I., apotheosis of.
-Darwin's conversations with.
-letter to.
-address to Geological Society.
-on structure of Alps.
-Lyell's criticism of.
Murder, expression of man arrested for.
Murdoch, G.B., letter to.
Murray, A., address to Botanical Society of Edinburgh.
-criticism of Wallace's theory of nests.
-Darwin criticised by.
-Darwin's criticism of work of.
-on geological distribution of mammals.
-on leaves and CO2.
-review of "Origin" by.
-mentioned.
Murray, Sir J., Darwin on his theory of coral reefs.
Murray, J., Darwin's agreement with.
-"Journal of Researches" published by.
-MS. of "Origin" sent to.
-sale of "Origin."
-publication of "Fur Darwin."
Mus, range of.
Musca vomitoria, Lowne on.
Muscles, contraction in evacuation and in labour pains.
-in man and apes.
Museum (British), enquiry as to disposal of Natural History Collections
by Trustees of.
Music, birds and production of.
-insects, and.
-origin of taste for.
Musk-duck, hatching of eggs.
Musk-orchids, pollinia of.
Musk ox, as index of climate.
-found in gravel at Down.
Mussels, seize hold of fishing hooks.
Mutability of species, Lyell on.
Mutation, use of term.
Mutisia, a tendril-climber, compared with Mikania.
Myanthus barbatus, hermaphrodite form of Catasetum tridentatum.
Mylodon.
Myosotis, in N. America.
Myosurus, range of.
Mytilus, as fossil in the Andes.
Nageli, Carl Wilhelm von (1817-91): was born at Kilchberg, near Zurich. He
graduated at Zurich with a dissertation on the Swiss species of Cirsium.
At Jena he came under the influence of Schleiden, who taught him
microscopic work. He married in 1845, and on his wedding journey in
England, collected seaweeds for "Die neueren Algen-systeme." He was called
as Professor to Freiburg im Breisgau in 1852; and to Munich in 1857, where
he remained until his death on May 10th, 1891. In the "Zeitschrift fur
wiss. Botanik," 1844-46, edited by Nageli and Schleiden, and of which only
a single volume appeared, Nageli insists on the only sound basis for
classification being "development as a whole." The "Entstehung und
Begriff" (1865) was his first real evolutionary paper. He believed in a
tendency of organisms to vary towards perfection. His idea was that the
causes of variability are internal to the organism: see his work, "Ueber
den Einfluss ausserer Verhaltnisse auf die Varietatenbildung. Among his
other writings are the "Theorie der Bastardbildung," 1866, and "Die
Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre," 1884. The chief
idea of the latter book is the existence of Idioplasm, a part of protoplasm
serving for hereditary transmission. (From Dr. D.H. Scott's article in
"Nature," October 15th, 1891, page 580.)
-Darwin on his work.
-Essay on Natural Selection.
-on Hieracium.
-"Ueber Entstehung und Begriff der naturhistoriscehn Art."
-Weismann on work of.
-on arrangement of leaves.
-criticism of Darwin.
-on innate principle of development.
-on physiological nature of useful adaptations in plants.
Napier, Rt. Hon. J.R., speech at British Association (1861) on Darwin's
work.
Naravelia.
Narborough, Sir J., description of W. coast of S. America by.
Nascent organs, rudimentary and.
-wing of Apteryx as.
Natural classification.
"Natural Conditions of Existence," Semper's.
Natural History, Darwin's taste for.
-Darwin's contributions to.
-accuracy the soul of.
-Darwin urges F. Muller to write book on.
Natural History Collections, enquiry as to disposal by British Museum
Trustees of.
"Natural History Review," Lord Avebury on Walsh's paper on dimorphism.
-Bentham in the.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-Darwin reviews Bates in.
-Falconer in the.
-founding of.
-Huxley and.
"Natural Inheritance," Galton's.
Natural preservation, as substitute for Natural Selection.
"Natural Science," A.S. Woodward on Neomylodon in.
Natural Selection, accumulation of varieties by.
-and adaptation in orchids.
-Allen on slowness of action.
-Angraecum in relation to.
-Ansted on.
-applied to politics.
-and artificial.
-Bates' belief in.
-Bronn on.
-comparison with architecture.
-with force and matter.
-with laws of gravity.
-conservative influence of.
-Cope's and Hyatt's views on.
-Darwin accused of making too much of a Deus of.
-Darwin's anxiety not to overestimate effect of.
-Darwin lays stress on importance of.
-Darwin on use of term.
-deification of.
-and direct action.
-Eocene or Secondary organisms would be beaten in competition with
recent on theory of.
-and external conditions.
-Falconer on.
-and fertility.
-Asa Gray on.
-Harvey misunderstands Darwin's meaning.
-Haughton partially admits.
-Hooker thinks Darwin probably rides too hard his hobby of.
-Hooker on supposed falling off in belief in.
-Hooker and Bates believe in.
-Huxley's belief in.
-Huxley gives in a lecture inadequate idea of.
-Hyatt and Cope on.
-importance of.
-Lamont on.
-Lyell on.
-and monstrosities.
-Nageli's Essay on.
-no limit to perfection of co-adaptations produced by.
-non-acceptance of.
-objections to.
-"plants are splendid for making one believe in."
-possibility of race of bears being rendered aquatic through.
-with the principle of divergence the keystone of "Origin."
-production of thorns through.
-tends to progression of organisation.
-providential arrangement and superfluity of.
-struggle between reversion, variability and.
-Scott on.
-slowness of action.
-and sterility.
-success of.
-tails of mice a difficulty as regards.
-Sir W. Thomson's misconception of.
-uses of.
-value of.
-and variation.
-variation of species sufficient for selection and accumulation of new
specific characters by.
-and useful characters.
-Wallace on.
-Watson on.
-applied to man and brutes.
-Australian savages and.
-beauty and.
-Darwin on action of.
-Darwin's historical sketch in "Origin" of.
-difficulties of.
-Donders nearly preceded Darwin in views on.
-evolution of man from point of view of.
-Owen's attitude towards.
-primogeniture destructive of.
-Sexual Selection less powerful than.
-Wallace attributes theory entirely to Darwin.
-Wallace on brain and.
Naturalisation, of European plants.
-of plants in India.
-of plants in islands.
Naturalised plants, Bentham on.
-comparison of variability of indigenous and.
-De Candolle on.
-variability of.
-fewness of American species of, in Britain.
"Naturalist in Nicaragua," Belt's.
-Belt's account of honey-glands of plants in.
"Naturalist on the Amazons," Bates'.
-Darwin's opinion of.
Naturalists, views on species held by.
-few care for philosophical experiments
Nature, Wallace on personification of.
-use of term.
"Nature not lying," principle of.
"Nature," Darwin's opinion of.
-letters or notes from Darwin in.
-Galton in.
-F. Muller in.
-Thiselton-Dyer in.
Naudin, C., on hybridism.
-on Melastomaceae.
Nauplius stages.
Nautilus, of Silurian age.
Necrophorus, Darwin's observations on.
Nectar, in leguminous flowers.
-Lord Farrer on secretion of, in Coronilla.
Nectaries, Belt on extra-floral.
Nectarines and peaches.
-Rivers on production from seed.
-variation in.
Negative geological evidence, Darwin and Lyell on.
Negro, resemblance between expression of Cebus and.
Nelumbium, as example of transport.
Neottia nidus-avis, fertilisation mechanism.
-pollen-tubes of.
Nepenthes, Hooker's work on.
-Thiselton-Dyer on.
Neptunia.
Nervous system, genesis of.
-influence on nutrition.
Nests, Wallace's theory, of.
-colour in relation to.
-instinct in making.
Neumann, on Catasetum.
Neumayr, Melchior (1845-90): passed his early life at Stuttgart, and
entered the University of Munich in 1863 with the object of studying law,
but he soon gave up legal studies for Geology and Palaeontology. In 1873
he was recalled from Heidelberg, where he held a post as Privatdocent, to
occupy the newly created Chair of Palaeontology in Vienna. Dr. Neumayr was
a successful and popular writer, as well as "one of the best and most
scientific palaeontologists"; he was an enthusiastic supporter of Darwin's
views, and he devoted himself "to tracing through the life of former times
the same law of evolution as Darwin inferred from that of the existing
world." (See Obit. Notice, by Dr. W.T. Blanford, "Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc." Volume XLVI., page 54, 1890.)
-essay on descent theory.
-services to geology.
-"Die Stamme des Thierreichs."
Nevill, Lady Dorothy.
New Zealand, absence of leguminosae opposed to continental extension of.
-British plants in.
-clover never seeded before introduction of bees.
-comparison between flora of Tasmania and.
-elevation of mountains in.
-flora of.
-flora of Australia and.
-Flora of Raoul Island and.
-Hooker on flora of.
-Darwin's opinion of Hooker's "Flora."
-former connection of islands.
-former extension of.
-naturalised plants.
-peopling of mountains by plants.
-proportion of annuals.
-species of plants common to America, Chili and.
-stocked from Antarctic land.
-colonising of.
-glacial action in.
-mountain-rat of.
-trees of.
Newton, Prof. A., note on Strickland by.
-description of partridge as agent in dispersal of seeds.
Newton's law of gravity.
Niagara, Darwin on Lyell's work on.
Nightingale, Gould on the.
Noises, observations on children's.
Nolana prostrata, Darwin's experiments on.
Nomenclature, discussion on.
"North British Review," Fleeming Jenkin's review in.
-Tait in.
Norton, Professor Charles Elliot: of Harvard, the son of the late Dr.
Andrews Norton, Professor of Theology in the Harvard Divinity School.
-visits Down.
Norway, Von Buch's travels in.
-Blytt on flora of.
Norwich, Berkeley's address at British Association (1868) meeting at.
-Hooker's address.
Nottingham, British Association meeting (1866) at.
-Hooker's lecture on insular floras at.
Notylia, F. Muller on.
Nucula, a persistent type.
Nuneham, Darwin's recollection of trip to.
Nutrition, influence of mind on.
Nyctitropic movements, see Sleep-movements.
Observation, spirit of astronomers in.
-harder work than generalisation.
-pleasure of.
Observations, not to be trusted without repetition.
Observer, a good theoriser makes a good.
Oceanic islands, difference in floras and means of stocking.
-connection between continents and.
-former extension of.
-Reade on.
-volcanic nature of.
Oceans, age and depth of.
-permanence of.
-as sinking areas.
Ogle, W., on the sense of smell.
-letter to.
-translation of book by Kerner.
Ogleby, reference to his nomenclature scheme.
Oken, on Lepas.
-Owen on.
Old characters, reappearance of.
Oldenburgia.
Oldenlandia.
Olfers.
Oliver, D., Darwin indebted to for information.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
Olyra, sleep-movements of.
Omori, Morse on shell-mounds of.
Oncidium, J. Scott's work on.
-structure of labellum.
-O. flexuosum, observations by Muller and Scott on.
-self-sterility of.
-O. sphacelatum, Scott on fertilisation of.
Ophrys.
-O. apifera, fertilisation-mechanism.
-self-fertilisation of.
-O. arachnites, fertilisation of.
-habitat.
-O. aranifera.
-O. morio, fertilisation of.
-O. muscifera, Lord Farrer's observations on.
-O. scolopax.
Opossums.
Oppel, service to geology.
-mentioned.
Opuntia, Henslow describes new species from Galapagos.
Orang-utang, Rolleston on brain of.
-Wallace on.
Orange trees, grafting of.
d'Orbigny, on geology of S. America.
-theory of formation of Pampas mud.
-"Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale.
-mentioned.
Orchids, adaptation in.
-Darwin's work on.
-Darwin's view that seedlings are parasitic on Cryptogams.
-Falconer's estimate of Darwin's work on.
-few species in humid temperate regions.
-flourish in cool temperate regions.
-illustrate diversity of means to same end.
-monstrous.
-quoted as argument against species arising from monstrosities.
-utility and.
-fertilisation mechanisms of.
-Brazilian.
-Darwin decides to publish his work in book-form.
-Darwin sends copy of his book to F. Muller.
-Darwin underrates power of producing seeds without insects.
-French translation of Darwin's book.
-germinative power of pollen.
-Hildebrand's paper on.
-Nectar not excreted in some English.
-and nectar secretion.
-formation of ovule after pollination.
-Scott points out error in Darwin's work.
-Scott on pollen-tubes of.
-Scott on self-sterility.
-self-fertilisation in.
-setting of seed in unopened flower.
-sterility of.
-course of vessels in flowers.
-wonderful contrivances intelligible.
Orchis, flowers of.
-nectaries of.
-pollinia of.
Orchis (Bee) (see also Ophrys apifera), Darwin's experiments on.
-O. pyramidalis, fertilisation mechanism.
-O. ustulata.
Order of Nature.
Ordination.
Organ mountains, Darwin on plants of.
-glacial action on.
Organisms, simultaneous change in.
-amount of change in fresh water and marine.
Organs, transition of
-use of.
"Origin of the Fittest," Cope's.
"Origin of Genera," Cope's work on.
Origin of life.
"Origin of Species," acceptance of doctrine of Evolution due to the.
-Darwin's belief in the permanence of the framework of the.
-Darwin's opinion of his book.
-Dawson's review of.
-direct action underestimated in the.
-editions of the.
-errors in.
-Falconer's estimate of.
-Huxley's Cambridge speech, and reference to the.
-Huxley's lecture on coming of age of.
-Huxley's review of.
-Lesquereux's articles in "Silliman" against the.
-publication of the Abstract of.
-publication by Murray of.
-sale of the.
-Seemann on the.
-translation of.
-Wallace's criticism of.
-Walsh on the.
-Darwin on necessity for modifications in the.
-review by Fleeming Jenkin.
-review by A. Murray.
-Owen's criticism of Darwin's Historical Sketch in 4th edition of.
-Owen's review of.
-study of natural history revolutionised by the.
-valueless criticism on.
Origin of species, Darwin's early views on.
-Darwin's views on.
-Falconer antagonistic to Darwin's views on.
-Oxford discussion (British Association, 1860) on the.
-spread of Darwin's views in America.
Origin of species and genera, Wallace in the "Nineteenth Century" on.
Original work, time taken up by, at expense of reading.
Ormerod's Index to the Geological Society's Journal.
Ornithorhynchus, aberrant nature of.
-preservation of.
Orthoptera, auditory organs of.
Oscillariae, abundance in the ocean.
Oscillataria.
Oscillation of land, Darwin's views on.
Os coccyx, as rudimentary organ.
Ostrea.
Ostrich, modification of wings.
Outliers, plants as.
"Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy," Fiske's.
Ovary, abnormal structure in orchid.
Owen, Sir Richard (1804-92): was born at Lancaster, and educated at the
local Grammar School, where one of his schoolfellows was William Whewell,
afterwards Master of Trinity. He was subsequently apprenticed to a surgeon
and apothecary, and became deeply interested in the study of anatomy. He
continued his medical training in Edinburgh and at St. Bartholomew's
Hospital in London. In 1827 Owen became assistant to William Clift (whose
daughter Owen married in 1835), Conservator to the Hunterian Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons. It was here that he became acquainted with
Cuvier, at whose invitation he visited Paris, and attended his lectures and
those of Geoffroy St. Hilaire. The publication, in 1832, of the "Memoir on
the Pearly Nautilus" placed the author "in the front rank of anatomical
monographers." On Clift's retirement, Owen became sole Conservator to the
Hunterian Museum, and was made first Hunterian Professor of Comparative
Anatomy and Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1856 he
accepted the post of Superintendent of the Natural History department of
the British Museum, and shortly after his appointment he strongly urged the
establishment of a National Museum of Natural History, a project which was
eventually carried into effect in 1875. In 1884 he was gazetted K.C.B.
Owen was a strong opponent of Darwin's views, and contributed a bitter and
anonymous article on the "Origin of Species" to the "Edinburgh Review" of
1860. The position of Owen in the history of anatomical science has been
dealt with by Huxley in an essay incorporated in the "Life of Richard
Owen," by his grandson, the Rev. Richard Owen (2 volumes, London, 1894).
Huxley pays a high tribute to Owen's industry and ability: "During more
than half a century Owen's industry remained unabated; and whether we
consider the quality or the quantity of the work done, or the wide range of
his labours, I doubt if, in the long annals of anatomy, more is to be
placed to the credit of any single worker." The record of his work is
"enough, and more than enough, to justify the high place in the scientific
world which Owen so long occupied. If I mistake not, the historian of
comparative anatomy and palaeontology will always assign to Owen a place
next to, and hardly lower than, that of Cuvier, who was practically the
creator of those sciences in their modern shape, and whose works must
always remain models of excellence in their kind." On the other hand,
Owen's contributions to philosophical anatomy are on a much lower plane;
hardly any of his speculations in this field have stood the test of
investigation: "...I am not sure that any one but the historian of
anatomical science is ever likely to recur to them, and considering Owen's
great capacity, extensive learning, and tireless industry, that seems a
singular result of years of strenuous labour."
-address at Leeds (British Association, 1858) by.
-admission of descent of species.
-articles by.
-on a badger of Pliocene age.
-on the brain.
-Mrs. Carlyle's impression of.
-and Hooker.
-conduct towards Huxley.
-Darwin abused by.
-on Darwin and Maillet.
-and Darwinism.
-on ephemeral influence of the "Origin."
-Falconer and.
-Huxley on.
-on Huxley's election to the Athenaeum.
-ignores Darwin's work.
-influence of.
-isolation among scientific men.
-lecture on birds by.
-letters to.
-letter to the "Athenaeum."
-"Life of."
-on lowness of animals.
-on Macacus.
-on mammals of Old World.
-on morphology of vertebrata.
-review in the "Quarterly" of the "Origin."
-"Palaeontology" by.
-on parthenogenesis.
-review in the "Edinburgh Review" by.
-on simple and multiple organs.
-on use and disuse.
-and Bishop Wilberforce's review.
-visits Down.
-attack on Darwin in his "Anatomy of Vertebrata."
-attitude towards Natural Selection.
-mentioned.
Owls and hawks, as agents in seed-dispersal.
Oxalis, bulbils of.
-cleistogamic flowers of.
-dimorphism of.
-pollen-tubes of.
-seeds of.
-trimorphism of.
-O. acetosella, sensitive leaves of.
-variation in length of pistil and stamens.
-O. sensitiva, Darwin's work on.
-O. corniculata, variation of.
Oxford, meeting of the British Association at (1847).
-Tuckwell's reminiscences of.
Oxlips, Darwin's experiment on cowslips, primroses, and.
-Darwin on hybrid character of.
-scarcity of.
Oxyspora paniculata, Wallich on.
Pachira, inequality of cotyledons.
-P. aquatica.
Pacific Ocean, Darwin wishes Hooker to investigate floras of.
-islands of the.
-coral reefs of.
Packard's "Lamarck the Founder of Evolution."
Paget, Sir J., on regeneration.
-address on elemental pathology.
-illness of.
-on influence of mind on nutrition.
-"Lectures on Surgical Pathology."
-letters to.
-mentioned.
Pairing, in birds.
-vigour of birds and effect on time of.
Palaeolithic flints, in gravels near Southampton.
Palaeontology, rapid progress of.
Palaeozoic period.
Paley, idea of interference of Creator in construction of each species
due to.
"Pall Mall," article on "Dr. Hooker on Religion and Science" in.
-letter to editor of.
Pallas, Darwin's conviction of truth of doctrine of.
-doctrine of.
-on hybrids and fertility.
Palm, Malayan climbing.
Palm, L.H., work on climbing plants by.
Palma, crater of.
Pampas, geology of the.
-formation of.
-Lyell on Mississippi beds and.
-D'Orbigny's theory of formation of.
-thistle of the.
Pangenesis, adverse opinion on.
-Bentham on.
-Berkeley on.
-bud-propagation and.
-Darwin on.
-Darwin's suggestion as to term.
-difference between Galton's theory of heredity and.
-evidence from hybridisation in favour of.
-Hooker on.
-Huxley's views on.
-Jager on.
-Lyell on.
-and molecular hypothesis of Hackel.
-Ranyard on.
-Romanes on.
-self-fertilisation and.
-Wallace on.
-the idea a relief to Darwin as connecting facts.
-F. Muller and.
-bearing on regeneration.
-"will turn out true some day."
-mentioned.
Panmixia.
Panniculus carnosus in man.
Papilio Memnon, Wallace on.
-P. nireus, Mrs. Barber on.
-P. pammon, Wallace on.
Papilionaceaous flowers, absence in New Zealand.
-and hermaphroditism.
Papilionidae, Wallace on Malayan.
Paraheliotropism, Muller's observations on.
-in Phyllanthus.
Parallel Roads of Glen Roy (see Glen Roy).
Parana, Darwin finds Mastodon at.
Pararge, breeding in confinement.
Parasites, and degeneration.
-extermination of game by.
-bloom as protection against.
-and galls.
Parietaria, explosive stamens of.
Parrots, as agents in seed-dispersal.
Parsimony, Hamilton's law of.
Parthenogenesis, Darwin on.
-Owen's Hunterian lecture on.
-in Primula.
-J. Scott's work on.
Partridges, as agents of seed-dispersal.
-rudimentary spurs on legs of.
Parus caeruleus, protective colouring of.
Passiflora, bloom experiments on.
-Lord Farrer's work on.
-position of flowers of.
-Muller assists Lord Farrer in work on.
-Scott's work on.
-self-sterility of.
-Sprengel on.
-visited by humming-birds.
-P. gracilis, dispersal of seeds.
-P. princeps, adapted to humming birds.
Patagonia, L. Agassiz on elevation of.
-Darwin on geology of.
-gigantic land-sloth of.
-Admiral Sulivan on.
Pathology, Paget's lectures on.
Pattison, Mark.
Pavo nigripennis.
Payne, on effect of rain on plants.
-observations by.
Peaches, bud-variation in.
-raised from seed.
Peacock, evolution and Sexual Selection of.
-experiments on cutting tail of male.
-muscles of tail of.
Pearson, H.H.W., on the botany of Ceylon patanas.
Peas, course of vessels in ovary of sweet-.
-crossing in.
-fertilisation of.
-waxy secretion in.
Pecten, P. latissimus.
Pelargonium, peloric.
-Beaton on.
-Darwin's experiments on.
-flowers of.
-P. multiflora alba, Darwin's experiments on crossing.
Pelobius, Darwin on.
Peloria, effect of pollen on regular flowers.
-Darwin suggests experiments on.
-Masters on.
-in Pelargonium.
-inheritance of.
Peneus, F. Muller on.
Pentateuch, N. Lewy on.
Periodicals, Darwin's opinion of scientific.
-foreign compared with English.
Peripatus, Moseley's work on.
Peristylus viridis, Lord Farrer's observations on.
Permanence of ocean basins.
Permian period, glacial action during.
-freshwater beds in India.
"Personal Narrative," Humboldt's.
Peru, anarchy in.
-Darwin on terraces in.
-D. Forbes on geology of.
Peuquenes Pass, Darwin visits.
Pfeffer, Prof., on chemotaxis.
-considers Wiesner wrong in some of his interpretations.
-on Drosera.
-"Periodische Bewegungen."
Pfitzer, on classification of orchids.
Pfluger.
Phalaenopsis.
Phanerogams, comparison with one class of animals rather than with one
kingdom.
Phaseoli, crossing in.
Phaseolus vulgaris, sleep-movements of.
Pheasants, display of colour by golden.
-Hewitt on hybrids of.
-hybrids between fowls and.
-protective colouring.
Phillips, J., defines species.
-evolutionary views.
-"Life on the Earth."
-mentioned.
Phillips-Jodrell, T.T., founder of Jodrell Laboratory at Kew.
Philosophical Club.
Philosophical experiments, few naturalists care for.
Philosophising, means and laws of.
Phlox, Darwin's observations on flowers of.
-heterostylism of.
-P. Drummondii.
-P. subulata.
Phyllanthus, F. Muller's paper in "Kosmos" on.
-sleep-movements of.
-P. Niruri, sleep-movements of.
Phryma, de Candolle on.
-occurrence in N. America.
Phyllotaxis, Darwin and Falconer on.
Physical conditions, effect of.
"Physical Geography," Herschel's.
Physicists, disagree as to rate of cooling of earth's crust.
"Physiological Aesthetics," Grant Allen's.
Physiological germs.
Physiological selection, Romanes'.
Physiological species, Huxley's term.
Physiological units, Herbert Spencer's.
Physiological variations.
"Physiology," Huxley's "Elementary Lessons in."
-Darwin on difficulty of.
-Darwin's want of knowledge of.
-Darwin's work on plant-.
-England behind in vegetable.
-small knowledge of ordinary doctors of.
-and vivisection.
Phytophagic varieties, Walsh on.
Phytophthora, potatoes and.
"Pickwick," quotation from.
Pictet, on the succession of forms.
-mentioned.
Pictet and Humbert, on fossil fishes of Lebanon.
Pieris, breeding in confinement.
-colour the result of mimicry.
-protective colouring.
-P. napi.
-Weismann on.
Pigeons, breeding of.
-drawings of.
-experiments on crossing.
-experiments bearing on direct action.
-production of varieties.
-reduction of wings.
-and sterility.
-Tegetmeier's work on.
-Wallace on Malayan.
-Darwin's work on.
-experiments in painting.
-Flourens' experiments on.
-gay deceiver.
-pairing for whole life.
(Barbs.)
(Carriers.)
(Fantails.)
(Laugher.)
(Pouters.)
(Rock.)
(Runts.)
(Tumblers.)
Pigs, crossing of.
"Pikermi," Gaudry's "Animaux fossiles de."
Pinguicula, Darwin's observations on.
Pistyll Rhiadr.
Pisum, cross-fertilisation of.
-P. sativum, visited by Bombus.
Pithecoid man, Huxley's term.
Pithecus, Owen on Homo and.
Placentata.
Plagiaulax, Falconer on.
Planaria.
Planorbis, Hyatt on genesis of species of.
-P. multiformis, graduated forms of.
Plantago, Ludwig's observations on.
-Darwin on.
Plants, change in animals compared with change in.
-comparison between high and low as regards resistance to injurious
conditions.
-contractility of.
-difference between animals and.
-distribution of.
-fossil.
-of Madeira.
-morphological characters.
-resemblance to animals.
-Saporta's work on fossil.
-small proportion preserved as fossils.
-splendid for helping belief in Natural Selection.
-thorns in.
-wide range as compared with animals.
-Darwin's interest in movements of.
-Darwin on physiology of.
-disease in.
-effect of stimuli on.
Plas Edwards.
Plasmodiophora, action on cruciferous roots.
Platanthera, H. Muller on.
Plato, comparison between plants and man in his "Timaeus."
Platysma myoides, contraction during terror.
-Darwin's error concerning.
Playfair, Lord.
Pleistocene Antarctic land, plants derived from.
Pliocene, Falconer on mammal from the.
Plovers, protective colouring of.
Plumage, immature and adult.
Plumbago, Darwin's experiments on.
-said to be dimorphic.
Podostemaceae, fertilisation of.
Poisons, natives of Australia injured by vegetable.
-absorption by roots of.
-effect of injection into plants.
Polar bear, modification of.
Polar ice-cap, Darwin on the.
Polarity, E. Forbes' theory of.
Pollen, direct action of.
-experiments on.
-time of maturity in Eucalyptus and Mimosa.
-mechanism for distribution in Martha.
-Miyoshi's experiments on tubes of.
Polyanthus, crossing in.
Polyborus Novae Zelandiae, in Falkland Islands.
Polydactylism, and inheritance.
Polyembryony, in Coffea and Pachira.
Polygala.
-P. vulgaris, variation of.
Polygamy, in birds.
-in Machetes.
Polygonum, germination of seeds found in sandpit.
Polymorphism, Darwin and Hooker on.
-Wallace on.
Polytypic genera, variation of.
Pontederia, heterostylism of.
Pontodrilus, Lankester on.
Poplar, Heer on fossil species.
Popper, J., letter to.
Poppig, on civilisation and savagery.
Poppy (corn-), indigenous in Sicily.
Porpoises, Flower on.
-freshwater.
-Murray on.
Portillo Pass.
Porto-Santo, land-snails of.
-plants of.
Positivism, Huxley's article in "Fortnightly Review" on.
Posoqueria, F. Muller's paper on.
Potatoes, crossing experiments.
-cultivated and wild.
-disease of.
-experiments suggested.
-graft-hybrids.
-sterility and variability in.
-Torbitt's experiments on.
-Traill's experiments.
-varieties of.
-Darwin's work on varieties of.
-Hildebrand's experiments on.
Poulton, Prof., on Prichard as an evolutionist.
-"Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection."
Poultry, skulls of.
-Tegetmeier's book on.
-experiments on colour and sexual selection.
Powell, Prof. Baden.
"Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin's account of capacity of revolving
in plants, in his book.
-Continental opinion of.
-Wiesner's criticism of.
Prawns, F. Muller on metamorphosis of.
Prayer, Galton's article on.
Pre-Cambrian rocks, Hicks on.
Predominant forms.
"Prehistoric Europe," J. Geikie's.
"Prehistoric Times," Lord Avebury's.
Preordination, speculation as to.
Prepotency of pollen.
Prescott, reference to work by.
Preservation, suggested as an alternative term for Natural Selection.
Pressure, effect on liquefaction by heat.
Preston, S. Tolver, letter to.
Prestwich, Prof. J., letter to.
-on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
-on superficial deposits of S. England.
-work on Tertiaries.
-mentioned.
Prevost, C., as candidate for Royal Society Foreign List.
-mentioned.
Price, J., extract from letter from Darwin to.
Prichard, James Cowles (1786-1848): He came on both sides from Quaker
families, but, according to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," he
ultimately joined the Church of England. He was a M.D. of Edinburgh,
and by diploma of Oxford. He was for a year at Trinity College,
Cambridge, and afterwards at St. John's and New College, Oxford, but did
not graduate at either University. He practised medicine, and was
Physician to the Infirmary at Bristol. Three years before his death he
was made a Commissioner in Lunacy. He not only wrote much on Ethnology,
but also made sound contributions to the science of language and on
medical subjects. His treatise on insanity was remarkable for his
advanced views on "moral insanity."
-on immutability.
-quotations from his "Physical History of Mankind."
Priestley, "Green matter" of.
-Huxley's essay on.
Primogeniture, antagonistic to Natural Selection.
Primrose (see also Primula), Darwin's experiments on cowslip and.
-dimorphism of.
-J. Scott on.
Primula, Darwin's work on.
-difficulty of experimenting with.
-dimorphism of.
-dimorphism lost by variation.
-entrance of pollen-tubes at chalaza.
-varying fertility of.
-fertilisation of.
-homomorphic unions and.
-ovules of.
-J. Scott's work on.
-stamens of.
-P. elatior.
-P. longiflora, non-dimorphism of.
-Treviranus on.
-P. mollis.
-P. scotica.
-P. sinensis.
-fertility of.
-legitimate and illegitimate unions.
-movement of cotyledons.
Principle of divergence.
"Principles of Biology," Spencer's.
"Principles of Geology," Lyell's.
-Darwin on.
-Wallace's review of.
Pringlea antiscorbutica (Kerguelen cabbage).
Priority, Falconer and Owen on.
Proboscidean group, extinction of.
Progress, in forms of life and organisation.
Progression, tendency in organisms towards.
Progressive development.
Pronuba, the Yucca moth, Riley on.
Proteaceae, former extension of.
Protean genera, list of N. American.
Protection, colour in butterflies and.
-thorns as.
-Wallace on.
-colour and.
-colour of birds and.
-colour of caterpillars and.
-colour of shells and.
-Darwin's views on Sexual Selection and.
-evolution of colour and.
-mimicry and.
-monkeys' manes as.
-Wallace on colour and.
-Wallace on wings of lepidoptera and.
Protective resemblance, Wallace on.
Proterogyny, in Plantago.
Prothero, G.W.
Protococcus.
Protozoa.
Providential arrangement.
Prunus laurocerasus, extra-floral nectaries visited by ants.
Psithyrus.
Psychology, Delboeuf on.
-Romanes' work on comparative.
Ptarmigan, protective colouring of.
Pterophorus periscelidactylus.
Publishing, over-readiness of most men in.
Pumilio argyrolepis, Darwin on seeds of.
Purbeck, Plagiaulax from the.
Purpose, Darwin on use of term.
Pyrola, fertilisation mechanism in.
Quagga, hybrid between horse and.
Quails, seed-dispersal by migratory.
"Quarterly Journal of Science," article on Darwin and his teaching in.
-review by Wallace of the Duke of Argyll's "Reign of Law."
"Quarterly Review," Mivart's article.
-Bishop Wilberforce's review of "Origin" in.
-article on zebras, horses, and hybrids.
Quartz, segregation in foliated rocks.
Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de, de Breau (1810-92): was a scion of an
ancient family originally settled at Breau, in the Cevennes. His work was
largely anthropological, and in his writings and lectures he always
combated evolutionary ideas. Nevertheless he had a strong personal respect
for Darwin, and was active in obtaining his election at the Institut. For
details of his life and work see "A la Memoire de J.L.A. de Quatrefages de
Breau," 4o, Paris (privately printed); also "L'Anthropologie," III., 1892,
page 2.
-letters to.
-translation of paper by.
-on proportion of sexes in Bombyx.
Quenstedt, work on the Lias by.
Queries on expression.
Rabbits, Angora, skeletons of.
-Darwin's work on.
Race, nature's regard for.
Racehorse, selection by man.
-Wallace on fleetness of.
-equality of sexes in.
Races of man.
-causes of difference in.
-Wallace on.
Rafflesia, parasites allied to.
Rain, effect on leaves.
-movements of leaves as means of shooting off.
Ramsay, Sir A.C., on origin of lakes.
-Geological Society hesitates to publish his paper on Lakes.
-on ice-action.
-on insects in tropics.
-memoir by Geikie of.
-on denudation and earth-movements.
-overestimates subaerial denudation.
-on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.
-on Permian glaciers.
-proposal that he should investigate glacial deposits in S. America.
-mentioned.
Range, De Candolle on large families and their.
-coleoptera and restricted.
-of genera.
-of shells.
-size of genera in relation to species and their.
-of species.
Ranunculaceae, evidence of highness in.
Ranunculus auricomus.
Ranyard, A.C., letter to "Nature" on pangenesis.
Raoul Island, Hooker on.
Raphael's Madonna, referred to by Darwin.
Raspberry, germination of seeds from a barrow.
-waxy secretion of.
Rattlesnake, Wright on uses of rattle of.
Raven, said to pair for whole life.
Ray Society, work of.
Raymond, Du Bois, work on plants.
Reade, T.M., letters to.
-on age of the world.
"Reader," sold to the Anthropological Society.
Reading, Darwin complains of lack of time for.
-little time given by scientific workers to.
Reciprocal crosses, half-sterility of.
Rede Lecture, by Phillips (1860).
Reduction, cessation of selection as cause of.
-organs of flight and.
-wings of ostrich and.
References, Darwin on importance of giving.
-Wallace on.
Regeneration, power of.
-reference in "Variation of Animals and Plants" to.
"Reign of Law," the Duke of Argyll's.
-reviewed by Wallace.
Reindeer, of Spitzbergen.
-horns of.
Religion and science.
Representative species.
-in floras of Japan and N. America.
-in Galapagos Islands.
Reproduction, difference in amount of energy expended by male and female
in.
Reproductive organs, St.-Hilaire's view of affaiblissement and
development of.
-in relation to theoretical questions.
Research, Huxley and.
-justification of.
Reseda lutea, sterile with own pollen.
-R. odorata, experiment on cross-and self-fertilisation.
Resemblance, mimetic.
Resignation, expression in.
Restiaceae, former extension of.
Restricted distribution.
Retardation, Cope on.
Retrogression.
Reversion, in ammonites.
-Darwin on.
-and degeneration of characters.
-factors causing.
-hybridism and.
-Lord Morton's mare and.
-stripes of mules due to.
-struggle between Natural Selection and.
-and crossing.
-peloria and.
Review of the "Descent of Man," by J. Morley.
Reviews, Darwin on an author writing his own.
-on the "Origin of Species," by Asa Gray.
-Haughton.
-Hopkins.
-Hutton.
-Huxley.
-F. Jenkin.
-Owen.
-Wilberforce.
Rhamnus.
Rhexia, flowers of.
-R. virginica, W.H. Leggett on anthers.
Rhinoceros.
Rhinochetus.
Rhizocephala, retrograde development in.
Rhododendron Boothii.
Rhopalocera, breeding in confinement.
Rhynchoea, colour of.
Rich, Anthony (1804?-1891): Educated at Caius College, Cambridge, of
which he was afterwards an Honorary Fellow. Author of "Illustrated
Companion to the Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon," 1849, said to be a
useful book on classical antiquities. Mr. Darwin made his acquaintance
in a curious way—namely, by Mr. Rich writing to inform him that he
intended to leave him his fortune, in token of his admiration for his
work. Mr. Rich was the survivor, but left his property to Mr. Darwin's
children, with the exception of his house at Worthing, bequeathed to Mr.
Huxley.
-legacy to Huxley.
-letter to.
-leaves his fortune to Darwin.
Rich, Mrs., mentioned.
Richardson, R., on tablet to commemorate Darwin's lodgings at 11,
Lothian Street, Edinburgh.
Richardson, Darwin on merits of.
Rigaud, on formation of coal.
Riley, Charles Valentine (1843-95): was born in England: at the age of
seventeen he ran away from home and settled in Illinois, where at first
he supported himself as a labourer; but he soon took to science, and his
first contributions to Entomology appeared in 1863. He became
entomological editor of the "Prairie Farmer" (Chicago), and came under
the influence of B.D. Walsh. In 1868 Riley became State Entomologist of
Missouri, and in 1878 Entomologist to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, a post he resigned in 1894 owing to ill-health; his death
was the result of a bicycle accident. (Taken principally from the
"Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington," Volume III.,
1893-6, page 293.)
-letters to.
-mentioned.
Rio Janeiro, absence of erratic boulders near.
-Agassiz on drift-formation near.
Rio Negro.
Rio Plata.
Ritchie, Mrs., visit to Down.
Rivers, The late Mr. Thomas: of Sawbridgeworth, was an eminent
horticulturist and writer on horticulture.
-letters to.
Robin, attracted by colour of Triphaena (Triphoea).
Robinia, insect visitors of.
Rocks, bending when heated.
-condition in interior of earth.
-fluidity of.
-metamorphism of (see also Metamorphism).
Rocky Mountains, wingless insects of the.
Rogers, W.B. and H.D., on cleavage.
-on coalfields of N. America.
-on parallelism of axis-planes of elevation and cleavage.
Rolleston, George (1829-81): obtained a first-class in Classics at
Oxford in 1850; he was elected Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851, and
in the same year he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Towards the
close of the Crimean War, Rolleston was appointed one of the Physicians
to the British civil hospital at Smyrna. In 1860 he was elected the
first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, a post which he held
until his death. "He was perhaps the last of a school of English
natural historians or biologists in the widest sense of the term." In
1862 he gave the results of his work on the classification of brains in
a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, and in 1870 published his
best known book, "Forms of Animal Life (Dict. Nat. Biography).
-address in "Nature" by.
-on the orang-utang.
-adhesion to Darwin's views.
-letter to.
-letter to Darwin from.
-mentioned.
Rollisson.
Roman villa at Abinger.
Romanes, G.J. (1848-94): was one of Mr. Darwin's most devoted disciples.
The letters published in Mrs. Romanes' interesting "Life and Letters" of
her husband (1896) make clear the warm feelings of regard and respect
which Darwin entertained for his correspondent.
-Darwin on controversy between Duke of Argyll and.
-on graft-hybrids.
-letters to.
-letter to Darwin from.
-letter to "Nature" in reply to the Duke of Argyll.
-on physiological selection.
-review of Roux's book.
-on heliotropism.
-lecture on animal intelligence by.
-lecture on evolution of nerves.
-letter to "Times" from.
-"Life and Letters" of.
-on minds of animals.
Roots, heliotropism of.
-sensitive tip of.
Roses, N. American species.
-bud-variation.
-raising from seed.
-resemblance of seedling moss-rose to Scotch.
-varieties of.
Ross, Sir J.
Rosse, Lord.
Round Island, fauna and flora of.
Roux's "Struggle of Parts in the Organism."
Royal Commission on Vivisection.
Royal Institution, lectures at.
Royal medals.
Royal Society, council meeting of.
Royer, Mdlle., translatress of the "Origin."
Royle, John Forbes (1800-58): was originally a surgeon in the H.E.I.C.
Medical Service, and was for some years Curator at Saharunpur. From 1837-
56 he was Professor of Materia Medica at King's College, London. He wrote
principally on economic and Indian botany. One of his chief works was
"Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of the Natural History of
the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora of Cashmere." (London, 1839.)
-letters to.
-mentioned.
Rubiaceae, dimorphism in.
-fertilisation in.
Rubus, N. American species.
-variation in.
-F. Darwin on roots of.
Rubus and Hieracium, comparison of variability of N. American and
European species.
Rucker.
Rudimentary organs.
-in frogs.
-nascent and.
-variation of.
-in man.
-use in classification.
Rudinger, Dr., on regeneration.
Rue, flowers of.
Ruffs, polygamy of.
Rumex, germination of old seeds.
Russia, forms of wheat cultivated in.
Rutaceae, A. St.-Hilaire on difference in ovary of same plants of.
Sabine, General Sir E. Sabine (1788-1883): President of the Royal
Society 1861-71. (See "Life and Letters," III., page 28.)
-address to Royal Society.
-award of Copley medal to Darwin during presidency of.
-recognition by Government.
-mentioned.
Sabrina, elevation of.
Sagitta.
St. Dabeoc's heath, in Azores.
St. Helena, Darwin suggests possibility of finding lost plants in earth
from.
-extinction in.
-Hooker on flora of.
-land-birds of.
-plants of.
-trees of.
-Darwin on craters of.
-geology of.
-subsidence in.
-White on hemiptera of.
St.-Hilaire, A.F.C.P. de, on affaiblissement.
-erect and suspended ovules in same ovary.
-"Lecons de Botanique."
-Life of.
St.-Hilaire, J.G., on monstrosities.
-author of "Life of A.F.C.P. de St.-Hilaire."
St. Jago, Darwin on craters of.
-elevation of.
St. Paul's rocks, plants of.
-geological structure.
Saintpaulia, dimorphic flowers.
St. Ventanao, conglomerates of.
Salicaceae.
Salicornia, bloom on.
Salix, varieties of.
Salsola Kali, bloom on.
Salt water, effect on plants.
Salter, on vitality of seeds after immersion in the sea.
Saltus, Darwin's views on.
Salvages, flora of the.
Salvia, Hildebrand's paper on.
Samara, Russian wheat sent to Darwin from.
Samoyedes, power of finding their way in fog.
Sandberger, controversy with Hilgendorf.
Sanderson, Sir J.B., electrical experiments on plants.
-letters to.
-on vivisection.
Sandwich Islands, absence of Alpine floras.
-flora of.
-Geranium of.
-Dana on valleys and craters.
-Galapagos and.
Sanicula, occurrence of species in Azores.
-range of.
Santa Cruz.
Santorin, crater of.
-linear vent in.
-Lyell's account of.
Saporta, Marquis de, (1823-95): devoted himself to the study of fossil
plants, and by his untiring energy and broad scientific treatment of the
subject he will always rank as one of the pioneers of Vegetable
Palaeontology. In addition to many important monographs on Tertiary and
Jurassic floras, he published several books and papers in which Darwin's
views are applied to the investigation of the records of plant-life
furnished by rocks of all ages. ("Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa Vie et
ses Travaux," by R. Zeiller. "Bull. Soc. Geol. France," Volume XXIV.,
page 197, 1896.)
-letters to.
-on rapid development of higher plants.
Sargassum, Forbes on.
Sarracenia.
Savages, civilisation of.
-comparison between animals and.
-decrease of.
-Selection among.
Saxifrages, destruction in Ireland of Spanish.
-formation of hairs in.
Saxonika, form of Russian wheat.
Scaevola, fertilisation mechanism of.
-S. microcarpa, fertilisation mechanism of.
Scalesia.
Scandinavia, Hooker on potency of flora.
-Blytt on distribution of plants of.
-elevation of.
Scarlet fever, Darwin's dread of.
"Scenery of Scotland," Sir A. Geikie's.
Scepticism, Darwin on.
Schimper, review by Hooker of "Paleontologie Vegetale" by.
Schlagintweit.
Schleiden, convert to Darwin's views.
Schmankewitsch, experiments on Artemia by.
Schobl, J., on ears of mice.
Schoenherr, C.J.
Schomburgk, Sir R., on Catasetum, Monacanthus, and Myanthus.
School, Darwin at Mr. Case's.
-of Mines.
Schrankia, a sensitive species of.
Schultze, Max.
Science, and superstition.
-progresses at railroad speed.
Science Defence Association, Darwin asked to be president of.
Scientific men, attributes of.
-domestic ties and work of.
-article in "Reader" on.
Scientific periodicals, Darwin's opinion of.
Scotland, forest trees of.
-comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of.
-elevation of.
-frequency of earthquakes in.
-land-glaciation of.
-tails of diluvium in.
"Scotsman," Forbes' lecture published in.
-Darwin's letter on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy in the.
Scott, D.H., obituary notice of Nageli by.
Scott, John (1838-80): Short obituary notices of Scott appeared in the
"Journal of Botany," 1880, page 224, and in the "Transactions of the Bot.
Soc. of Edinburgh" Volume XIV., November 11th, 1880, page 160; but the
materials for a biographical sketch are unfortunately scanty. He was the
son of a farmer, and was born at Denholm (the birthplace the poet Leiden,
to whom a monument has been erected in the public square of the village),
in Roxburghshire. At four years of age he was left an orphan, and was
brought up in his aunt's household.
He early showed a love of plants, and this was encouraged by his cousin,
the Rev. James Duncan. Scott told Darwin that he chose a gardening life as
the best way of following science; and this is the more remarkable inasmuch
as he was apprenticed at fourteen years of age. He afterwards (apparently
in 1859) entered the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, and became head of
the propagating department under Mr. McNab. His earliest publication, as
far as we are aware, is a paper on Fern-spores, read before the Bot. Soc.,
Edinburgh, on June 12th, 1862. In the same year he was at work on orchids,
and this led to his connection with Darwin, to whom he wrote in November
1862. In 1864 he got an appointment at the Calcutta Botanic Garden, a
position he owed to Sir J.D. Hooker, who was doubtless influenced by
Darwin's high opinion of Scott. It was on his way to India that Scott had,
we believe, his only personal interview with Darwin.
We are indebted to Sir George King for the interesting notes given below,
which enable us to form an estimate of Scott's personality. He was
evidently of a proud and sensitive nature, and that his manner was pleasing
and dignified appears from Darwin's brief mention of the interview. He
must have been almost morbidly modest, for Darwin wrote to Hooker (January
24th, 1864): "Remember my URGENT wish to be able to send the poor fellow a
word of praise from any one. I have had hard work to get him to allow me
to send the {Primula} paper to the Linn. Soc., even after it was written
out!" And this was after the obviously genuine appreciation of the paper
given in Darwin's letters. Sir George King writes:—
"He had taught himself a little Latin and a good deal of French, and he had
read a good deal of English literature. He was certainly one of the most
remarkable self-taught men I ever met, and I often regret that I did not
see more of him...Scott's manner was shy and modest almost to being
apologetic; and the condition of nervous tension in which he seemed to live
was indicated by frequent nervous gestures with his hands and by the
restless twisting of his long beard in which he continuously indulged. He
was grave and reserved; but when he became interested in any matter he
talked freely, although always deliberately, and he was always ready to
deafen his opinions with much spirit. He had, moreover, a considerable
sense of humour. What struck me most about Scott was the great acuteness
of his powers of observing natural phenomena, and especially of such as had
any bearing on variation, natural selection or hybridity. While most
attentive to the ordinary duties of the chief of a large garden, Scott
always continued to find leisure for private study, and especially for the
conduct of experiments in hybridization. For the latter his position in
the Calcutta garden afforded him many facilities.
After obtaining a post in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, Scott continued to
work and to correspond with Darwin, but his work was hardly on a level with
the promise of his earlier years. According to the "Journal of Botany," he
was attacked by an affection of the spleen at Darjeeling, where he had been
sent to report on the coffee disease. He returned to Edinburgh in the
spring of 1880, and died in the June of that year.
At the time of his death many experiments were in hand, but his records of
these were too imperfect to admit of their being taken up and continued
after his death. In temper Scott was most gentle and loveable, and to his
friends he was loyal almost to a fault. He was quite without ambition to
'get on' in the world; he had no low or mean motives; and than John Scott,
Natural Science probably had no more earnest and single-minded devotee."
-correspondence with.
-criticism on the "Origin" by.
-letters to.
-on Natural Selection.
-on a red cowslip.
-confirms Darwin's work, also points out error.
-Darwin assists financially.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-Darwin offers to present books to.
-Darwin writes to Hooker about Indian appointment for.
-Darwin's proposal that he should work at Down as his assistant.
-Darwin suggests that he should work at Kew.
-on dispersal of seed of Adenanthera by parrots.
-on fertilisation of Acropera.
-a good observer and experimentalist.
-a lover of Natural History.
-observations on acclimatisation of seeds.
-on Oncidium flexuosum.
-letter to Darwin from.
-offered associateship of Linnean Society.
-on Imatophyllum.
-on self-sterility in Passiflora.
-on Primula.
-on sexes in Zea.
-mentioned.
Scrope, P., on volcanic rocks.
Scrophularineae.
Scudder, on fossil insects.
Sea, Dana underestimates power of.
-changes in level of land due to those of.
-marks left on land by action of.
Seakale, bloom on.
Seashore plants, use of bloom on.
Sea-sickness, Darwin suffers from.
"Seasons with the Sea Horses," Lamont's.
Secondary period, abundance of Araucarias and Marsupials during.
-equality of elevation in British rocks of.
-insects prior to.
Sections of earth's crust, need for accurate.
Sedgwick, Prof. A., extract from letter to Owen from.
-letter to Darwin from.
-on the "Vestiges of Creation."
-and the Philosophical Society's meeting at Cambridge.
-and the "Spectator."
-Darwin's visit to.
-Feelings towards Darwin.
-on the structure of large mineral masses.
-proposes Forbes for Royal medal.
-quotation from letter to Darwin from.
-suggested as candidate for Royal medal.
-mentioned.
Sedgwick, A., address at the British Association (1899).
Sedimentary strata, conversion into schists.
Sedimentation, connection with elevation and subsidence.
-near coast-lines.
Seedlings, sensitiveness to light.
Seeds, collected by girls in Prof. Henslow's parish.
-dispersal of.
-effect of immersion on.
-of furze.
-Asa Gray on Darwin's salt-water experiments.
-germination after 21 1/2 hours in owl's stomach.
-moss-roses raised from.
-peaches from.
-variation in.
-bright colours of fruits and.
-difficulty of finding in samples of earth.
-dormant state of.
-germination from pond mud.
-Hildebrand on dispersal of.
-mucus emitted by.
-stored by ants.
-supposed vivification of fossil.
-vitality of.
Seeley, Prof.
Seemann, on commingling of temperate and tropical plants in mountains of
Panama.
-on the "Origin" in Germany.
-mentioned.
Segregation of minerals in foliated rocks.
Selaginella, foot of, compared with organ in Welwitschia seedling.
Selection, a misleading term.
-artificial.
-as means of improving breeds.
-importance of.
-influence of speedy.
-utilised by pigeon-fanciers.
-Sexual (see Sexual Selection).
-sterility and.
-unconscious.
-and variation.
-voluntary.
-and inheritance.
Self-fertilisation, abundance of seeds from.
-Darwin's experiments on cross- and.
-evil results of.
-comparison between seeds from cross- and.
-in Goodeniaceae.
-in Orchids.
Self-interest, Preston on.
Self-sterility, in Eschscholtzia.
-in plants.
-connection with unnatural conditions.
Selliera, Hamilton on fertilisation-mechanism.
Semper, Karl (1832-93): Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg. He is known
for his book of travels in the Philippine and Pelew Islands, for his
work in comparative embryology, and for the work mentioned in the above
letter. See an obituary notice in "Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 271.
-letter to.
Senecio.
-S. vulgaris, profits by cross-fertilisation.
Sensitive plants, Darwin's work on.
Sensitiveness, diversified kinds in allied plants.
Separate creations, Darwin on.
Sequoia.
Seringe, on Aconitum flowers.
Sertularia.
Sethia, dimorphism of.
Settegast, H., letter to.
Severn, Darwin on floods of.
Seward, A.C., "Fossil Plants as Tests of Climate."
Sexes, colour, and difference in.
-proportion at birth.
-proportion in animals.
Sexual likeness, secondary.
Sexual organs, as collectors of generative elements.
-appendages in insects complemental to.
Sexual reproduction, Galton on.
-bearing of F. Muller's work on essence of.
Sexual Selection, Bates on.
-Darwin on.
-article in "Kosmos" on.
-colour and.
-man and.
-in moths and butterflies.
-subordinate to Natural Selection.
-Wallace on colour and.
-Wallace on difficulties of.
Sexuality, Bentham on.
-in lower forms.
-origin of.
Shanghai, tooth of Mastodon from.
Sharp, David, on Bombus.
-on Volucella.
-"Insects."
Sharpe, Daniel (1806-56): left school at the age of sixteen, and became
a clerk in the service of a Portuguese merchant. At the age of
twenty-four he went for a year to Portugal, and afterwards spent a
considerable amount of time in that country. The results of his
geological work, carried out in the intervals of business, were
published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London ("Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume V., page 142; Volume VI., page 135). Although
actively engaged in business all his life, Sharpe communicated several
papers to the Geological Society, his researches into the origin of
slaty cleavage being among the ablest and most important of his
contributions to geology ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page
74; Volume V., page 111). A full account of Sharpe's work is given in
an abituary notice published in the "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume
XIII., page xlv.
-on elevation.
-Darwin meets.
-letters to.
-on cleavage and foliation.
Sharpey, W., letter from Falconer to.
-Honorary member of Physiological Society.
Shaw, J., letter to.
Sheep, varieties of.
Sheldrake, dancing on sand to make sea-worms come out.
Shells, Forbes and Hancock on British.
-distorted by cleavage.
-means of dispersal.
-protective colour of.
Sherborn, C.D., "Catalogue of Mammalia" by A.S. Woodward and.
Shetland, comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of.
Shrewsbury, school.
Siberia, Rhinoceros and steppes of central.
Sicily, elephants of.
-flora of.
Sidgwick, Prof. H.
Siebold, von.
Sigillaria, an aquatic plant.
Silene, Gartner's crossing-experiments on.
Silurian, comparison between recent organisms and.
-life of.
-Lingula from the.
-corals.
-volcanic strata.
Simon, Sir John: he was for many years medical officer of the Privy
Council, and in that capacity issued a well-known series of Reports.
-reports by.
Simple forms, existence of.
-survival of.
Simpson, Sir J., on regeneration in womb.
Siphocampylus.
Sitaris, Lord Avebury on Meloe and.
Siwalik hills.
Skertchley, S.B.J., on palaeolithic flints in boulder-clay of E. Anglia.
-letter to.
Skin, influence of mind on eruptions of.
Slate, cleavage of schists and.
Slave-ants, account in the "Origin" of.
Sleep, plants' so-called.
Sleep-movements, in plants.
-of cotyledons.
Slime of seeds.
Sloths.
Smell, Ogle's work on sense of.
Smerinthus populi-ocellatus, Weir on hybrid.
Smilaceae, reference to genera of.
Smilax, De Candolle on flower of.
Smith, Goldwin.
Smith, J., note on.
Snails of Porto Santo.
Snipe, protective colour of.
Snow, red.
-geological action of frozen.
Snowdon, elevation in recent times.
Social instincts, actions as result of.
Social plants, De Candolle on.
-in the U.S.A.
"Sociology," H. Spencer's.
Soda, nitrate beds.
Soil, in relation to plant distribution.
Solanaceae.
Solanum rostratum, Todd on stamens of.
Solenhofen, bird-creature from.
Sollas, Prof., director of the Funafuti boring expedition.
-account of the boring operations by.
Sonchus, introduced into New Zealand.
Song, importance in animal kingdom.
Sophocles, Prof., on expression of affirmation by Turks.
Sorby, on metamorphism.
Sound, and music.
Southampton, British Association meeting (1846).
-Darwin on gravel deposits at.
-Darwin's visits to.
Spanish chesnut, variation in leaf divergence.
Spanish plants in Ireland.
-in La Plata.
Spawn, dispersal of frogs'.
Spean, terraces in valley of.
Special ordination.
Specialisation.
Species, antiquity of plant-.
-belief in evolution of.
-changing into one another.
-creation of.
-Darwin recognises difficulties in and objections to his views on.
-definition of.
-descriptive work influenced by Darwin's views on.
-facts from Hooker bearing on.
-food as important factor in keeping up number of.
-frequency of.
-Asa Gray on.
-Hooker on.
-intermediate forms absent in close.
-little tendency during migration to form new.
-modification of.
-and monstrosities.
-mutability of.
-Nageli's views on.
-origin of (see Origin of Species).
-permanence of.
-Prichard on meaning of term.
-range of.
-representative.
-separate creation of.
-spreading of.
-sterility between allied.
-and sterility.
-time necessary to change.
-time of creation of new.
-variation of.
-Wallace on origin of.
-Walsh on modification of.
-Weismann on.
-Gaudry on affiliation of.
-Hackel on change of.
-isolation of.
-value of careful discrimination of.
"Species not transmutable," Bree's book on.
Specific character, Falconer on persistence of.
Speculation, Darwin on.
Spencer, H., Darwin on the advantage of his expression "survival of the
fittest."
-letter to.
-on electric organs.
-on genesis of nervous system.
-on survival of the fittest.
-Romanes on his theory of nerve-genesis.
-Wallace's admiration for.
-Darwin on his work.
-extract from letter to.
-mentioned.
Spermacoce.
Spey, terraces of.
Sphagnum, parasitism of orchids on.
Spiders, mental powers of.
-Moggridge on.
Spiranthes, fertilisation of.
Spiritualism, Darwin on.
Sptizbergen, Lamont's book on.
-reindeer of.
Sponges, Clark on classification of.
-Hackel's work on.
-F. Muller on.
Spontaneous generation.
-Darwin's disbelief in.
-Huxley's disbelief in.
Sports.
Sprengel, (C.C.) Christian Konrad (1750-1816): was for a time Rector of
Spandau, near Berlin; but his enthusiasm for Botany led to neglect of
parochial duties, and to dismissal from his living. His well-known
work, "Das Entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur," was published in 1793. An
account of Sprengel was published in "Flora," 1819, by one of his old
pupils. See also "Life and Letters," I., page 90, and an article in
"Natural Science," Volume II., 1893, by J.C. Willis.
-on Passion-flowers.
Stag-beetle, forms of.
Stahl, Prof., on Desmodium.
-on transpiration.
Stainton.
Stanhope, Lord.
Stanhopea, fertilisation of.
Stapelia, fertilisation of.
Starling, paired three times in one day.
State-entomologist, appointment of in America, not likely to occur in
England.
Statistics, of births and deaths.
-Asa Gray's N. American plant-.
Steinheim, Lias rocks of.
Stellaria media, cross-fertilisation of.
Stephens, Miss Catherine: was born in 1794, and died, as the Countess of
Essex, in 1882.
Sterile, use of term.
Sterility, accumulation through Natural Selection.
-arguments relating to.
-artificial production of.
-between allied species aided by Natural Selection.
-connection with sexual differentiation.
-and crossing.
-domestication and loss of.
-experiments on.
-of hybrids.
-in human beings.
-Huxley on.
-increase of races and.
-laws governing.
-Natural Selection and.
-in pigeons.
-in plants (see also self-sterility).
-reciprocal crosses and unequal.
-selection and.
-variations in amount of.
-varieties and.
Stirling, and Huxley.
Stokes, Sir G.
Strasburger, on fertilisation of grasses.
Stratification, and cleavage.
Strephium, vertical position of leaves.
Strezlecki.
Strickland, H., letters to.
-on zoological nomenclature.
Stripes, loss and significance of.
Structural dissimilarity, and sterility.
Structure, external conditions in relation to.
Struggle for existence.
-and crossing.
-factors concerned in.
-and hybrids.
-J. Scott on.
Strychnos, F. Muller on.
Student, Darwin as an Edinburgh.
Studer, Bernhard: Several of Studer's papers were translated and published
in the "Edinburgh New Phil. Journ." See Volume XLII., 1847; Volume XLIV.,
1848, etc.
-on cleavage and foliation.
"Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie," Weismann's.
"Studies in the Theory of Descent," Meldola's translation of Weismann's
book.
"Study of Sociology," H. Spencer's.
Stur, Dionys (1827-93): Director of the Austrian Geological Survey from
1885 to 1892; author of many important memoirs on palaeobotanical subjects.
Style, Darwin on.
-Darwin on Huxley's.
-effect of controversy on.
Suaeda, bloom on.
Submergence.
Subsidence, evidence of.
-coral reefs and.
-and elevation.
-equable nature of.
-large areas simultaneously affected by.
-in oceans.
-and sedimentation.
-volcanic action.
Subterranean animal, existence in Patagonia of supposed.
Subularia, fertilisation of.
Succession of types.
Sudden appearance of organisms, due to absence of fossils in pre-
Cambrian rocks.
Sudden jumps, modification by.
-Darwin's disbelief in.
Suess, "Antlitz der Erde."
Suffolk Crag, comparison with recent strata.
Sugar-cane, Barber on hybrids of.
-new varieties of.
Sulivan, Admiral, on Patagonia.
Superficial deposits, geological nature of.
Supernumerary members.
-amputation followed by regeneration of.
"Survival of the fittest," Darwin on use of the expression.
-Wallace on the expression.
-sharpness of thorns the result of.
-colour of birds and.
Swainson, on wide range of genera.
Switzerland, Tyndall on valleys of.
Sydney.
Symonds, William Samuel (1818-87): a member of an old West-country
family, was an undergraduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, and in 1845
became Rector of Pendock, Worcestershire. He published in 1858 a book
entitled "Stones of the Valley;" in 1859 "Old Bones, or Notes for Young
Naturalists;" and in 1872 his best-known work, "Records of the Rocks."
Mr. Symonds passed the later years of his life at Sunningdale, the house
of his son-in-law, Sir Joseph Hooker. (See "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc."
Volume XLIV., page xliii.)
-on imperfection of geological record.
Tacsonia, Darwin on flowers of.
-fertilisation by humming-birds.
-Scott's work on.
Tahiti, coral reefs of.
-Darwin on.
Tails of diluvium, in Scotland.
Tait, Prof. P.G., article in "North British Review."
-on age of world.
Tait, L., letters to.
Tait, W.C., letter to.
-on rudimentary tails in dogs and Manx cats.
-sends Drosophyllum to Darwin.
Talbot, Mrs. E., letter to.
Tandon, Moquin, "Elements de Teratologie Vegetale."
Tankerville, Lord.
Tasmania, comparison between floras of New Zealand and.
-Hooker's Flora of.
-trees of.
Taylor, W., "Life and Correspondence" of.
Tears, and muscular contraction.
Tees, Hooker on glacial moraines in valley of.
Tegetmeier, W.B., assistance rendered to Darwin by.
-letters to.
Telegraph-plant (see also Desmodium).
"Telliamed" (de Maillet), evolutionary views of.
Tendrils, morphology of.
Teneriffe, flora of.
-violet of Peak of.
-Webb and Humboldt on zones of.
Tennent, Sir J.E., on elephants' tears.
-on Utricularia.
Tentacles, aggregation of protoplasm in cells of plant-.
Teodoresco, on effect of excess of CO2 on vegetation.
Teratology, Masters on vegetable.
-Moquin Tandon on.
Terebratula.
Termites compared with cleistogamic flowers.
-F. Muller's paper on.
Terraces, Darwin on Patagonian.
Tertiary, Antarctic continent, Darwin on existence of.
-Mastodon from Shanghai.
-flora in Madeira.
Tertiary period, action of sea and earth-movement.
-island floras of the.
-Saporta's work on plants.
-succession of types during the.
-Prestwich's work on.
Testimonials, Darwin on.
Tetrabranchiata, Hyatt on the.
Thayer's "Letters of Chauncey Wright."
Theologians, Huxley on.
Theological articles, by Asa Gray.
Theology, Darwin's opinion on.
Theorising, observing and.
Theory, Darwin's advice to Scott to be sparing in use of.
Thibet, Hooker prohibited crossing into.
Thierzucht, Settegast's.
Thiselton-Dyer, Lady.
Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., assists Darwin in bloom-experiments.
-Darwin signs his certificate for Royal Society.
-lecture on plant distribution as field for geographical research.
-letter to "Nature" from.
-notes on letter from Darwin to Bentham.
-on partial submergence of Australia.
-letters to.
-extract from letter to.
-on Darwin.
Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., and Prof. Dewar, on immersion of seeds in liquid
hydrogen.
Thlaspi alpestre, range of.
Thompson, Prof. D'Arcy, prefatory note by Darwin to his translation of
H. Muller's book.
Thompson, W., natural-historian of Ireland.
Thomson, Sir W., see Kelvin, Lord.
Thomson, Sir Wyville, on Natural Selection.
-mentioned.
Thomson, review of Jordan's "Diagnoses d'especes" by.
Thorns, forms of.
"Three Barriers," theological hash of old abuse of Darwin.
Thury on sex.
Thwaites, Dr. G.H.K. (1811-82): held for some years the post of Director of
the Botanic Gardens at Peradenyia, Ceylon; and in 1864 published an
important work on the flora of the island, entitled "Enumeratio Plantarum
Zeylaniae."
-on Ceylon plants.
-letters to.
-on the "Origin."
Thymus.
Tieghem, Prof. van, on course of vessels in orchid flowers.
-on effect of flashing light on plants.
Tierra del Fuego, flora of.
-comparison with Glen Roy.
-evidence of glaciers in.
-micaschists of.
Time, and evolutionary changes.
-geological.
-meaning of millions of years.
-Niagara as measure of geological.
-rate of deposition as measure of.
-Wallace on geological.
"Times," article by Huxley in.
-letter by Fitz-Roy in.
Timiriazeff, Prof.
Timor, Mastodon from.
Toad, power of Indian species to resist sea-water.
Tobacco, Kolreuter on varieties of.
Todd, on Solanum rostratum.
"Toledoth Adam," title of book on evolution by N. Lewy.
Torbitt, J., experiments on potatoes, and letter to.
Torquay, Darwin's visit to.
Tortoises, conversion of turtles into land-.
Tortugas, A. Agassiz on reefs of.
Toryism, defence of.
Toucans, colour of beaks in breeding season.
Trachyte, separation of basalt and.
Tragopan.
Traill, experiments on grafting.
Transfusion experiments, by Galton.
Translations of Darwin's books.
Transplanting, effect on Alpine plants.
Transport, occasional means of.
Travels, Bates' book of.
-Humboldt's.
-Wallace's.
Travers, H.H., on Chatham Islands.
Trecul, on Drosera.
Trees, herbaceous orders and.
-occurrence in islands.
-older forms more likely to develop into.
-Asa Gray on.
-conditions in New Zealand favourable to development of.
-crossing in.
-separate sexes in.
Treub, M., on Chalazogamy.
Treviranus, Prof., on Primula longiflora.
Trifolium resupinatum, Darwin's observations on bloom on leaflets.
Trigonecephalus.
Trilobites, change of genera and species of.
Trimen, on painting butterflies.
Trimorphism, in plants.
Trinidad, Catasetum of.
-Cruger on caprification in.
Triphaena (Triphoea) pronuba, robin attracted by colour of.
Tristan d'Acunha, Carmichael on.
-vegetation of.
Triticum repens var. littorum, bloom-experiments on.
Trollope, A., quotation by Darwin from.
Tropaeolum, Darwin's experiments on.
-peloric variety of.
-waxy secretion on leaves.
Tropical climate, in relation to colouring of insects.
Tropical plants, possible existence during cooler period.
-retreat of.
Tropics, climatic changes in.
-description of forests in.
-similarity of orders in.
Tubocytisus, Kerner on.
Tuckwell, on the Oxford British Association meeting (1860).
Tucotuco.
Tuke, D.H., on influence of mind on body.
-letter to.
Tulips.
Turkey, colour of wings, and courtship.
-muscles of tail of.
Turner, Sir W., Darwin receives assistance from.
-on Darwin's methods of correspondence.
-letters to.
Turratella.
Turtles, conversion into land-tortoises.
Tussilago, Darwin on seeds of groundsel and.
Twins, Galton's article on.
Tylor, article in "Journal of the Royal Institution" by.
-on "Early History of Mankind."
Tyndall, lack of caution.
-lecture by.
-on the Alps.
-review in the "Athenaeum" of.
-on valleys due to glaciers.
-work of.
-dogmatism of.
-on glaciers.
-on Sorby's work on cleavage.
-mentioned.
Typhlops.
Typical forms, difficult to select.
-vagueness of phrase.
Typotherium, Falconer on.
Tyrol, Mojsisovics on the Dolomites of the.
Umbelliferae, morphological characters of.
-difference in seeds from the same flower.
Undulation of light, comparison between Darwin's views and the theory
of.
Ungulates, development in N. America during Tertiary period.
United States, flora of.
-spread of Darwin's views in.
Unity of coloration, Walsh on.
Uredo, on Haematoxylon.
Ursus arctos, Lamont on.
-U. maritimus, Lamont on.
Urticaceae.
Uruguay.
D'Urville, on Canary Islands.
Use and disuse.
-in plants.
Uses, Natural Selection and.
Uspallata.
Utilitarianism, Darwin on.
Utility and inheritance.
Utopian "Flora," Darwin's idea of.
Utricularia, Darwin's work on.
-U. stellaris, Sir E. Tennent on.
Vaginulus, Darwin finds new species of.
Valeriana, two forms of.
Valleys, action of ice in formation of.
-Dana on Australian.
-Darwin on origin of.
Valparaiso.
Van Diemen's Land, flora of, in relation to New Zealand.
Vanda.
Vandeae, structure of ovary.
Vanessa, two sexual forms of.
-breeding in confinement.
-colour of.
Vanilla.
Variability, backward tendency of.
-Bentham on.
-causes of.
-De Candolle on.
-dependent more on nature of organism than on environment.
-Huxley and Scott on.
-importance of subject of cause of.
-Natural Selection and.
-in oaks.
-greater in bisexual than in unisexual plants.
-of ferns "passes all bounds."
-greater in male than female.
-in ovaries of flowers.
-tendency of genera at different periods towards.
Variation.
-an innate principle.
-Bates on.
-in blackbirds.
-causes of.
-centrifugal nature of.
-checked by Natural Selection.
-climate and.
-Darwin attaches importance to useless.
-Darwin on favourable.
-divergence of.
-and external conditions.
-in elephants.
-in Fucus.
-of large genera.
-laws of.
-of monotypic and polytypic genera.
-and monstrosities.
-and Natural Selection.
-ordination and.
-in peaches.
-in plants.
-produced by crossing.
-rate of action of.
-of small genera.
-sterility advantageous to.
-Weismann on.
-galls as cause of.
-and loss of dimorphism in Primula and Auricula.
-Sexual Selection and minute.
-transmission to sexes.
-Verlot on.
-Wallace on.
"Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," completion of.
-delay in publication.
-Lyell on.
-translation of.
-Wallace's opinion of.
-Darwin at work on.
Varieties, accumulation of.
-distinction between species and.
-fertility of.
-in insects.
-in large genera.
-of molluscs.
-production of.
-species the product of long series of.
-use of.
-Wallace on.
-elimination by crossing.
-zoologists neglect study of.
Vaucher, "Plantes d'Europe."
"Vegetable Teratology," Masters'.
Vegetative reproduction, Darwin on.
Veitch, J.
Velleia, fertilisation mechanism of.
Verbascum, crossing and varieties in.
-Scott's work on.
Verbenaceae.
Verlot, on variation in flowers.
Veronica, Antarctic species of.
Vessels, course of, as guide to morphology of flowers.
"Vestiges of Creation," Huxley's review of.
-the "Origin of Species" and.
-Vetch, extra-floral nectaries of.
Vetter, editor of "Kosmos."
Viburnum lantanoides, in Japan and east U.S.A.
Victoria Street Society for Protection of Animals against Vivisection,
charge brought against Dr. Ferrier by.
Villa Franca, Baron de, on varieties of sugar-cane.
Villarsia.
Vine, graft-hybrids of.
-varieties of.
-morphology of tendrils.
Viola, ancestral form of.
-cleistogamic flowers of.
-pollen-tubes of.
-Madagascan.
-Pyrenean.
-on Peak of Teneriffe.
-V. canina, fertilisation of.
-V. nana.
-V. odorata, floral biology of.
Virchow, Huxley's criticism of.
-publication by Hackel of Darwin's criticism of.
Viscum.
Vitality of seeds, in salt-water experiments.
Viti group of islands, effect of subsidence.
Vivisection.
Vochting, H., "Bewegung der Bluthen und Fruchte."
-letter to.
-"Organbildung im Pflanzenreich."
"Volcanic Geology," Dana's.
Volcanic islands, polymorphic species in.
-Darwin's geological observations on.
-Darwin's opinion of his book on.
-Lyell and Herschel on.
-relation to continents.
Volcanic phenomena, cause of.
-Darwin on.
-and elevation.
-as mere accidents in swelling up of dome of plutonic rocks.
-and subsidence.
Volcanic rocks.
Volcano, in interior of Asia.
Volcanoes, in S. America.
-compared with boilers.
-maritime position of.
-of St. Jago, Mauritius, and St. Helena.
-simultaneous activity of.
-and subsidence.
Volucella, as example of mimicry.
Vries, H. de, on plant-movements.
Vulcanicity.
Wagner, M., attacks Darwin.
-essay by.
-mentioned.
"Wahl der Lebens-Weise."
Wahlenberg, on variation of species in U.S.A.
Wales, Darwin's visit to.
-comparison of valleys of Lochaber and.
-Darwin on glaciers of.
-elevation of land in Scotland and.
-Murchison sees no trace of glaciers in.
-Ramsay on denudation of S.
Wallace, A.R., on beauty.
-criticises the expression, "Natural Selection."
-Darwin on cleverness of.
-letters to.
-letters to Darwin from.
-on Mastodon from Timor.
-notes by.
-on pangenesis.
-review of Bastian's "Beginnings of Life."
-on sterility.
-on success of Natural Selection.
-attributes Natural Selection to Darwin.
-on colour and birds' nests.
-Darwin's criticism of his "Geographical Distribution of Animals."
-differs from Darwin.
-on evolution of man.
-"Island Life."
-on wings of lepidoptera.
-review of Darwin's book on Expression.
-review of Lyell's "Principles of Geology."
-on Round Island.
-same ideas hit on by Darwin and.
-supplies information to Darwin on Sexual Selection.
-on variation.
-at work on narrative of travels.
Wallace, Dr., on sexes in Bombyx.
-on caterpillars.
Wallich, on Oxyspora paniculata.
Wallis, H.M., on ears.
-letters to.
Walpole.
Walsh, Benjamin Dann: was born at Frome, in England, in 1808, and died in
America in 1869, from the result of a railway accident. He entered at
Trinity College, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship there after being
fifth classic in 1831. He was therefore a contemporary of Darwin's at the
University, though not a "schoolmate," as the "American Entomologist" puts
it. He was the author of "A Historical Account of the University of
Cambridge and its Colleges," London, 2nd edition, 1837; also of a
translation of part of "Aristophanes," 1837: from the dedication of this
book it seems that he was at St. Paul's School, London. He settled in
America in 1838, but only began serious Entomology about 1858. He never
returned to England.
In a letter to Mr. Darwin, November 7th, 1864, he gives a curious account
of the solitary laborious life he led for many years. "When I left England
in 1838," he writes, "I was possessed with an absurd notion that I would
live a perfectly natural life, independent of the whole world—in me ipso
totus teres atque rotundus. So I bought several hundred acres of wild land
in the wilderness, twenty miles from any settlement that you would call
even a village, and with only a single neighbor. There I gradually opened
a farm, working myself like a horse, raising great quantities of hogs and
bullocks...I did all kinds of jobs for myself, from mending a pair of boots
to hooping a barrel." After nearly dying of malaria, he sold his land at a
great loss, and found that after twelve years' work he was just 1000
dollars poorer than when he began. He then went into the lumber business
at Rock Island, Illinois. After seven years he invested most of his
savings in building "ten two-storey brick houses for rent." He states that
the repairs of the houses occupied about one-fourth of his time, and the
remainder he was able to devote to entomology. He afterwards edited the
"Practical Entomologist." In regard to this work he wrote (February 25th,
1867):—"Editing the 'Practical Entomologist' does undoubtedly take up a
good deal of my time, but I also pick up a good deal of information of real
scientific value from its correspondents. Besides, this great American
nation has hitherto had a supreme contempt for Natural History, because
they have hitherto believed that it has nothing to do with the dollars and
cents. After hammering away at them for a year or two, I have at last
succeeded in touching the 'pocket nerve' in Uncle Sam's body, and he is
gradually being galvanised into the conviction that science has the power
to make him richer." It is difficult to realise that even forty years ago
the position of science in Illinois was what Mr. Walsh describes it to be:
"You cannot have the remotest conception of the ideas of even our best-
educated Americans as to the pursuit of science. I never yet met with a
single one who could be brought to understand how or why a man should
pursue science for its own pure and holy sake."
Mr. L.O. Howard ("Insect Life," Volume VII., 1895, page 59) says that
Harris received from the State of Massachusetts only 175 dollars for his
classical report on injurious insects which appeared in 1841 and was
reprinted in 1842 and 1852. It would seem that in these times
Massachusetts was in much the same state of darkness as Illinois. In the
winter of 1868-9 Walsh was, however, appointed State Entomologist of
Illinois. He made but one report before his death. He was a man of
liberal ideas, hating oppression and wrong in all its forms. On one
occasion his life was threatened for an attempt to purify the town council.
As an instance of "hereditary genius" it may be mentioned that his brother
was a well-known writer on natural history and sporting subjects, under the
pseudonym "Stonehenge." The facts here given are chiefly taken from the
"American Entomologist" (St. Louis, Mo.), Volume II., page 65.
-as entomologist.
-letters to.
-letter to Darwin from.
-death of.
-and C.V. Riley.
Warming, E., "Lehrbuch der okologischen Pflanzengeographie."
Washingtonia.
Wasps, power of building cells.
Water, effect on leaves (see also Rain).
Water-weed, Marshall on.
Waterhouse, George Robert (1810-88): held the post of Keeper of the
Department of Geology in the British Museum from 1851 to 1880.
-review by Darwin of his book on Mammalia.
-on skeletons of rabbits.
-on wide range of genera.
-mentioned.
Waterloo, Darwin's recollections of.
Waterton.
Watson, H.C., alluded to.
-on the Azores.
-on British agrarian plants.
-on northward range of plants common to Britain and America.
-objection to Darwin's views.
-on Natural Selection.
-mentioned.
Waves, depth of action of.
Wax, secretion on leaves (see also Bloom).
Wealden period.
Weale, J.P.M., sends locust dung from Natal to Darwin.
Webb, on flora of Teneriffe.
Wedgwood, Elizabeth.
Wedgwood, Emma (Mrs. Darwin), letter to.
Wedgwood, Hensleigh: brother-in-law to Charles Darwin.
-Darwin visits.
-influenced by Lyell's book on America.
-on Tyndall.
Wedgwood, Josiah, letter to.
Weeds, adaptation to cultivated ground.
-English versus American.
-Asa Gray on pertinacity of.
Weeping, physiology of.
Weir, H.W., on Cytisus.
Weir, Mr. John Jenner (1822-94): came of a family of Scotch descent; in
1839 he entered the service of the Custom House, and during the final
eleven years of his service, i.e. from 1874 to 1885, held the position
of Accountant and Controller-General. He was a born naturalist, and his
"aptitude for exact observation was of the highest order" (Mr. M'Lachlan
in the "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," May 1894). He is chiefly
known as an entomologist, but he had also extensive knowledge of
Ornithology, Horticulture, and of the breeds of various domestic animals
and cage-birds. His personal qualities made him many friends, and he
was especially kind to beginners in the numerous subjects on which he
was an authority ("Science Gossip," May 1894).
-experiments on caterpillars.
-letters to.
-extract from letter to Darwin from.
-on birds.
-invited to Down.
-value of his letters to Darwin.
-mentioned.
Weismann, A., Darwin asked to point out how far his work follows same
lines as that of.
-on dimorphism.
-"Einfluss der Isolirung."
-letters to.
-Meldola's translation of "Studies in Descent."
-"Studies in Theory of Descent."
-faith in Sexual Selection.
Wellingtonia.
Wells, Dr., essay on dew.
-quoted by Darwin as having enunciated principle of Natural Selection
before publication of "Origin."
Welwitschia, Hooker's work on.
-Darwin on.
-a "vegetable Ornithorhynchus."
Welwitschia mirabilis, seedlings of.
Wenlock, coral limestone of.
West Indies, plants of.
-coral reefs.
-elevation and subsidence of.
-orchids of.
Westminster Abbey, memorial to Lyell.
"Westminster Review," Huxley's review of the "Origin" in.
-Wallace's article.
Westwood, J.O. (1805-93): Professor of Entomology at Oxford. The Royal
medal was awarded to him in 1855. He was educated at a Friends' School
at Sheffield, and subsequently articled to a solicitor in London; he was
for a short time a partner in the firm, but he never really practised,
and devoted himself to science. He is the author of between 350 and 400
papers, chiefly on entomological and archaeological subjects, besides
some twenty books. To naturalists he is known by his writings on
insects, but he was also "one of the greatest living authorities on
Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval manuscripts" ("Dictionary of National
Biography").
-on range of genera.
-and Royal medal.
-mentioned.
Whales, Flower on.
Wheat, mummy.
-fertilisation of.
-forms of Russian.
Whewell, W.
Whiston.
Whitaker, W., on escarpments.
White, F.B., letter to.
-on hemiptera of St. Helena.
White, Gilbert, Darwin writes an account of Down in the manner of.
White, on regeneration.
Whiteman, R.G., letter to.
Whitney, on origin of language.
Wichura, Max, on hybrid willows.
-on hybridisation.
Widow-bird, experiments on.
Wiegmann.
Wiesner, Prof. J., disagrees with Darwin's views on plant movement.
"Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen."
-on heliotropism.
-letter to.
Wigand, A., "Der Darwinismus..."
-Jager's work contra.
Wight, Dr., on Cucurbitaceae.
Wilberforce, Bishop, review in the "Quarterly."
Wildness of game.
Wilkes' exploring expedition, Dana's volume in reports of.
Williamson, Prof. W.C.
Willis, J.C., reference to his "Flowering Plants and Ferns."
Willows, Walsh on galls of.
-Wichura on hybrid.
Wilson, A.S., letters to.
-on Russian wheat.
Wind-fertilised trees and plants, abundant in humid and temperate
regions.
Wingless birds, transport of.
Wings of ostrich.
Wire-bird, of St. Helena.
Witches' brooms.
Wives, resemblance to husbands.
Wollaston, Thomas Vernon (1821-78): Wollaston was an under-graduate at
Jesus College, Cambridge, and in late life published several books on
the coleopterous insects of Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde
Islands, and other regions. He is referred to in the "Origin of
Species" (Edition VI page 109) as having discovered "the remarkable fact
that 200 beetles, out of the 550 species (but more are now known)
inhabiting Madeira, are so far deficient in wings that they cannot fly;
and that, of the twenty-nine endemic genera, no less than twenty-three
have all their species in this condition!" See Obituary Notice in
"Nature," Volume XVII., page 210, 1878, and "Trans. Entom. Soc." 1877,
page xxxviii.) "Catalogue" (Probably the "Catalogue of the Coleopterous
Insects of the Canaries in the British Museum," 1864.)
-catalogue of insects of Canary Islands.
-Darwin and Royal medal.
-in agreement with Falconer in opposition to Darwin's views on species.
-"Insecta Maderensia."
-on rarity of intermediate varieties in insects.
-review on the "Origin" by.
-on varieties.
-mentioned.
Wolverhampton, abrupt termination of boulders near.
Wood, fossil.
Wood, T.W., drawings by.
Woodcock, germination of seeds carried by.
-protective colouring of.
Woodd, C.H.L., letter to.
Woodpecker, adaptation in.
-and direct action.
-form of tail of.
Woodward, A.S., on Neomylodon.
-and C.D. Sherborn, "Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata."
Woodward, Samuel Pickworth (1821-65): held an appointment in the British
Museum Library for a short time, and then became Sub-Curator to the
Geological Society (1839). In 1845 he was appointed Professor of Geology
and Natural History in the recently founded Royal Agricultural College,
Cirencester; he afterwards obtained a post as first-class assistant in the
Department of Geology and Mineralogy in the British Museum. Woodward's
chief work, "The Manual of Mollusca," was published in 1851-56. ("A Memoir
of Dr. S.P. Woodward," "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society,"
Volume III., page 279, 1882. By H.B. Woodward.)
-letters to.
World, age of the.
Worms, Darwin's work on.
-destruction by rain of.
-intelligence of.
Wrangel's "Travels in Siberia."
"Wreck of the 'Favourite'," Clarke's.
Wright, C., on bees' cells.
-letters to.
-review by.
Wright, G.F., extract from letter from Asa Gray, to.
Wydler, on morphology of cruciferous flower.
Wyman, Jeffries (1814-74): graduated at Harvard in 1833, and afterwards
entered the Medical College at Boston, receiving the M.D. degree in
1837. In 1847 Wyman was appointed Hervey Professor of Anatomy at
Harvard, which position he held up to the time of his death. His
contributions to zoological science numbered over a hundred papers.
(See "Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences," Volume II., 1874-75, pages
496-505.)
-letter from.
-on spontaneous generation.
-mentioned.
Xenogamy, term suggested by Kerner.
Xenoneura antiquorum, Devonian insect.
Xerophytic characters, not confined to dry-climate plants.
Yangma Valley, Hooker's account of dam in.
Yeo, Prof. Gerald.
Yew, origin of Irish.
York, British Association meeting (1881), (1844).
-Dallas in charge of museum.
Yorkshire, Hooker on glaciers in.
Yucca, fertilisation by moths.
Zacharias, Otto, letter to.
Zante, colour of Polygala flowers in.
Zea, Gartner's work on.
-hermaphrodite and female flowers on a male panicle.
-varieties received from Asa Gray.
Zeiller, R., "Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa Vie..."
Zinziberaceae.
Zittel, Karl A. von, "Handbuch der Palaeontologie."
Zoea stage, in life-history of decapods.
Zoological Gardens, dangerous to suggest subsidising.
Zoological nomenclature.
Zoologist, Darwin as.
"Zoonomia," Erasmus Darwin's.
Zygaena (Burnet-moth), mentioned by Darwin in his early recollections.
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